Demographic and Health Survey 2000
Ethiopia, 2000
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ETH_2000_DHS_v01_M
Demographic and Health Survey 2000
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Ethiopia | ETH |
Demographic and Health Survey (standard) - DHS IV
The 2000 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey is the first survey of this type conducted in Ethiopia.
The principal objective of the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behavior, child mortality, children’s nutritional status, the utilization of maternal and child health services, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. This information is essential for informed policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of programs on health in general and reproductive health in particular at both the national and regional levels. A long-term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of the Central Statistical Authority to plan, conduct, process, and analyze data from complex national population and health surveys. Moreover, the 2000 Ethiopia DHS is the first survey of its kind in the country to provide national and regional estimates on population and health that are comparable to data collected in similar surveys in other developing countries. As part of the worldwide DHS project, the Ethiopia DHS data add to the vast and growing international database on demographic and health variables. The Ethiopia DHS collected demographic and health information from a nationally representative sample of women and men in the reproductive age groups 15-49 and 15-59, respectively.
The Ethiopia DHS was carried out under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and was implemented by the Central Statistical Authority. ORC Macro provided technical assistance through its MEASURE DHS+ project. The survey was principally funded by the Essential Services for Health in Ethiopia (ESHE) project through a bilateral agreement between the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Funding was also provided by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).
Sample survey data
- Household
- Children under five years
- Women age 15-49
- Men age 15-59
Scope
The 2000 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey covers the following topics:
- Anthropometry
- Female Genital Cutting
- GPS/Georeferenced–Global Positioning System or Georeferenced Data
- HIV Behavior
- HIV Knowledge–Questions assess knowledge/sources of knowledge/ways to avoid HIV
- Malaria/Bednet Questions
- Maternal Mortality
- Men's Survey
- Micronutrients
- Women's Status–Questions: women's autonomy (household decisionmaking/free movement/access money) & Dom. violence
Coverage
National
Producers and sponsors
| Name |
|---|
| Central Statistical Authority (CSA) |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| ORC Macro | Technical assistance |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| United States Agency for International Development | Financial assistance |
| United Nations Population Fund | Financial assistance |
| Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia |
Sampling
The Ethiopia DHS used the sampling frame provided by the list of census enumeration areas (EAs) with population and household information from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. A proportional sample allocation was discarded because this procedure yielded a distribution in which 80 percent of the sample came from three regions, 16 percent from four regions and 4 percent from five regions. To avoid such an uneven sample allocation among regions, it was decided that the sample should be allocated by region in proportion to the square root of the region's population size. Additional adjustments were made to ensure that the sample size for each region included at least 700 households, in order to yield estimates with reasonable statistical precision.
Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.
A total of 14,642 households were selected for the Ethiopia DHS, of which 14,167 were found to be occupied. Household interviews were completed for 99 percent of the occupied households. A total of 15,716 eligible women from these households and 2,771 eligible men from every fifth household were identified for the individual interviews. The response rate for eligible women is slightly higher than for eligible men (98 percent compared with 94 percent, respectively). Interviews were successfully completed for 15,367 women and 2,607 men.
There is no difference by urban-rural residence in the overall response rate for eligible women; however, rural men are slightly more likely than urban men to have completed an interview (94 percent and 92 percent, respectively). The overall response rate among women by region is relatively high and ranges from 93 percent in the Affar Region to 99 percent in the Oromiya Region. The response rate among men ranges from 83 percent in the Affar Region to 98 percent in the Tigray and Benishangul-Gumuz regions.
Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table A.1.1 and Table A.1.2 of the survey report.
Survey instrument
The Ethiopia DHS used three questionnaires: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire, which were based on model survey instruments developed for the international MEASURE DHS+ project. The questionnaires were specifically geared toward obtaining the kind of information needed by health and family planning program managers and policymakers. The model questionnaires were then adapted to local conditions and a number of additional questions specific to on-going health and family planning programs in Ethiopia were added. These questionnaires were developed in the English language and translated into the five principal languages in use in the country: Amarigna, Oromigna, Tigrigna, Somaligna, and Afarigna. They were then independently translated back to English and appropriate changes were made in the translation of questions in which the back-translated version did not compare well with the original English version. A pretest of all three questionnaires was conducted in the five local languages in November 1999.
All usual members in a selected household and visitors who stayed there the previous night were enumerated using the Household Questionnaire. Specifically, the Household Questionnaire obtained information on the relationship to the head of the household, residence, sex, age, marital status, parental survivorship, and education of each usual resident or visitor. This information was used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. Women age 15-49 in all selected households and all men age 15-59 in every fifth selected household, whether usual residents or visitors, were deemed eligible, and were interviewed. The Household Questionnaire also obtained information on some basic socioeconomic indicators such as the number of rooms, the flooring material, the source of water, the type of toilet facilities, and the ownership of a variety of durable items. Information was also obtained on the use of impregnated bednets, and the salt used in each household was tested for its iodine content. All eligible women and all children born since Meskerem 1987 in the Ethiopian Calendar, which roughly corresponds to September 1994 in the Gregorian Calendar, were weighed and measured.
The Women’s Questionnaire collected information on female respondent’s background characteristics, reproductive history, contraceptive knowledge and use, antenatal, delivery and postnatal care, infant feeding practices, child immunization and health, marriage, fertility preferences, and attitudes about family planning, husband’s background characteristics and women’s work, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
The Men’s Questionnaire collected information on the male respondent’s background characteristics, reproduction, contraceptive knowledge and use, marriage, fertility preferences and attitudes about family planning, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STIs.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2000-02 | 2000-05 |
A management committee was established and chaired by the CSA to oversee the performance and activities of the Ethiopia DHS. The committee was made up of representatives from the Ministry of Health, the National Office of Population, USAID, UNFPA, UNICEF and ORC Macro.
Training for the main survey was conducted in January 2000 in Addis Ababa. A total of 312 interviewers participated in the training. They were recruited for their language skills, academic qualifications, and previous survey work experience. Due to the large number of candidates needed for fieldwork, interviewers were split up into six groups and were trained simultaneously by senior staff of the CSA. The four-week training consisted of instruction in general interviewing techniques and field procedures for the survey, a detailed review of the questionnaires, practice in weighing and measuring children, mock interviews between participants in the classroom, and practice interviews in the field. In addition, special lectures were given on family planning and the various methods used in Ethiopia, and on HIV/AIDS. A final selection of interviewers, editors, and supervisors was made based on their performance during the training. A total of 38 teams were constituted, each made up of four female interviewers, one male interviewer, one female editor and a male team supervisor.
In order to maintain uniform survey procedures, four manuals relating to different aspects of the survey were prepared. The Interviewer’s Manual discussed the objectives of the Ethiopia DHS, interviewing techniques, field procedures, general procedures for completing the questionnaires, and included a detailed discussion of the Household and Individual Questionnaires. The manual also contained information on how to weigh and measure women and children. The Supervisor’s and Editor’s Manual contained instructions on organizing and supervising fieldwork, maintaining and monitoring control sheets, and general rules for editing completed questionnaires and maintaining data quality. Trainers were given the Training Guidelines for DHS Surveys Manual, which described the administrative and logistical aspects of training and data quality checks. The Household Listing Manual described the mapping and household listing procedures used in DHS surveys.
The main fieldwork started in early February 2000 and lasted until the end of May 2000. All callbacks and reinterviews were completed by mid-June 2000. Throughout the survey, senior staff of CSA, both from the central office and regional offices, and consultants from ORC Macro, maintained constant contact with the teams through direct communication and spot checking. To ensure high data quality, teams were closely supervised through field visits, observation of interviews, and checking of completed questionnaires. Data quality was also ensured by providing feedback to individual teams on the results of the field check tables. These tables were computer generated at regular intervals from data obtained in the completed questionnaires. These results were discussed with the teams to improve their performance.
Data appraisal
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the Ethiopia DHS to minimise this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the Ethiopia DHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.
A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the Ethiopia DHS sample is the result of a two-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the Ethiopia DHS is the ISSA Sampling Error Module (SAMPERR). This module used the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.
Note: See detailed estimate of sampling error calculation in APPENDIX B of the survey report.
Data Quality Tables
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months
- Data on siblings
- Indicators of data quality
- Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings
Note: See detailed tables in APPENDIX C of the survey report.
Data Access
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| MEASURE DHS | www.measuredhs.com | archive@measuredhs.com |
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
Central Statistical Authority Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and ORC Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2000. Ref. ETH_2000_DHS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from http://www.measuredhs.com on [date].
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| General Inquiries | info@measuredhs.com | www.measuredhs.com |
| Data and Data Related Resources | archive@measuredhs.com | www.measuredhs.com |