Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1992

Rwanda, 1992

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RWA_1992_DHS_v01_M

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Office National de la Population (ONAPO)

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Dec 20, 2012

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Mar 29, 2019

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 Machiyama, Kazuyo. "A re-examination of recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) DHS Working Papers.

2 Lauro, Don. "Abortion and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: How women plan their families." African Journal of Reproductive Health 15, no. 1 (2011): 13-24.

3 Banerjee, Sudeshna, Quentin Wodon, Amadou Diallo, Taras Pushak, Elal Uddin, Clarence Tsimpo, and Vivien Foster. Access, affordability, and alternatives: modern infrastructure services in Africa. : World Bank, 2008.

4 Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh, and Elvira Morella. Africa's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure: Access, Affordability, and Alternatives. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 2011.

5 Moultrie, Tom, Takudzwa Sayi, and Ian Timaeus. "Age and parity effects on birth intervals in the African fertility decline?." (2010) Population Studies.

6 Garenne, Michel. "Age at marriage and modernisation in sub-Saharan Africa." Southern African Journal of Demography 9, no. 2 (2004): 59-79.

7 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

8 Harttgen, Kenneth, Stephan Klasen, and Sebastian Vollmer. "An African growth miracle? Or: what do asset indices tell us about trends in economic performance?." (2011) International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

9 Verma, Vijay, and Thanh Le. "An analysis of sampling errors for the Demographic and Health Surveys." International Statistical Review 64, no. 3 (1996): 265-294.

10 Brown, Jennifer, Roeland Monasch, George Bicego, Anthony Burton, and J. Ties Boerma. "An assessment of the quality of national child immunization coverage estimates in population-based surveys." (2002) MEASURE Evaluation Project.

11 Hussein A, Shereen. "An exploration of nuptiality patterns in Egypt and the Maghreb countries." University of London, 2002.

12 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Gary King. "An individual-level approach to health inequality: child survival in 50 countries." (2001) GPE Discussion Paper Series.

13 Moultrie, Tom A, Takudzwa S Sayi, and Ian M Timaeus. "Birth intervals, postponement, and fertility decline in Africa: A new type of transition?." Population Studies 66, no. 3 (2012): 241-258.

14 Pelletier, David L, and Edward A Frongillo. "Changes in child survival are strongly associated with changes in malnutrition in developing countries." The Journal of nutrition 133, no. 1 (2003): 107.

15 Johnson, Kiersten, Noureddine Abderrahim, and Shea O Rutstein. "Changes in the direct and indirect determinants of fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa." (2011) DHS Analytical Studies .

16 Verwimp, Philip, and Jan Van Bavel. "Child survival and fertility of refugees in Rwanda." European Journal of Population 21, no. 2-3 (2005): 271-290.

17 Morella, Elvira, Vivien Foster, and Sudeshna G Banerjee. "Climbing the ladder: The state of sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008)

18 Ezzati, Majid, Alan D Lopez, Anthonry Rodgers, and Christopher L Murray. Comparative quantification of health risks: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004.

19 Locoh, Therese. "Completing the fertility transition." (2009) Family structure and fertility trends in intermediate-fertility countries in West Africa.

20 Mock, Nancy B, Sambe Duale, Lisanne F Brown, Ellen Mathys, Heather C O'Maonaigh, Nina Abul-Husn, and Sterling Elliott. "Conflict and HIV: A framework for risk assessment to prevent HIV in conflict-affected settings in Africa." Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 1, no. 6 (2004): 1-16.

21 Camlin, Carol, and Ines Escandon. "Contraceptive sterilization: Global issues and trends." (2002) Chapter 2: Sterilization incidence and prevalence.

22 Doskoch, Peter. "Contraceptive use is rising faster in Eastern than Western Africa." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 1 (2011): 49-50.

23 Heaton, Tim B, Renata Forste, John P Hoffmann, and Dallan Flake. "Cross-national variation in family influences on child health." Social science & medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): 97-108.

24 Kayirangwa, E., J. Hanson, L. Munyakazi, and A. Kabeja. "Current trends in Rwanda’s HIV/AIDS epidemic." Sexually transmitted infections 82, no. suppl 1 (2006): i27-i31.

25 Garenne, Michel. Datation de la baisse de la fécondité en Afrique subsaharienne. 2001.

26 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

27 Diallo, Amadou B, and Quentin Wodon. "Demographic transition towards smaller household sizes and basic infrastructure needs in developing countries." Economics Bulletin 15, no. 11 (2007): 1-11.

28 Wang, Limin. "Determinants of child mortality in LDCs: Empirical findings from demographic and health surveys." Health Policy 65, no. 3 (2003): 277-299.

29 Wang, Limin. Determinants of child mortality in low-income countries: Empirical findings from Demographic and Health Surveys. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2002.

30 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

31 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

32 Drapcho, Bob, and Nancy Mock. "DHS and conflict in Africa: findings from a comparative study and recommendations for improving the utility of DHS as a survey vehicle in conflict settings." (2000) Measure/Evaluation Project.

33 Forsberg, Birger C, Max G Petzold, Goran Tomson, and Peter Allebeck. "Diarrhoea case management in low-and middle-income countries: an unfinished agenda." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 1 (2007): 42-48.

34 Jamison, Dean T, Richard G Feachem, Malegapuru W Makgoba, Eduard R Bos, Florence K Baingana, Karen J Hofman, and Khama O Rogo. Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: World Bank Publications, 2006.

35 Ostby, Gudrun. "Dissaggregated inequalities and conflict in developing countries." Polarization and Conflict (PAC) Winter Meeting. Konstanz, Germany, June 2-5, 2005.

36 Ostby, Gudrun. Do horizontal inequalities matter for civil conflict?. Oslo, Norway : International Peace Research Institute, 2004.

37 Wright, Jim A, Hong Yang, and Kate Walker. "Do international surveys and censuses exhibit ‘dry season’ bias?." (2011) Population, Space and Place.

38 DeRose, Laurie, F.N. Dodoo, Alex Ezeh, and Tom Owuor. "Does discussion of family planning improve knowledge of partner's attitude toward contraceptives?." International family planning perspectives 30, no. 2 (2004): 87-93.

39 Charbit, Yves, and Corinne Régnard. "Dynamiques démographiques et dimensions géographiques des populations africaines." Espace, populations, sociétés 17, no. 1 (1999): 13-27.

40 Kravdal, Øystein. "Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: Individual and community effects." Demography 39, no. 2 (2002): 233-250.

41 McGranahan, Gordon, Simon Lewin, Taryn Fransen, Caroline Hunt, Marianne Kjellen, Jules Pretty, Carolyn Stephens, and Ivar Virgin. Environmental Change and Human Health in Countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute, 1999.

42 Araoye O, Margaret. "Epidemiology of infertility: social problems of the infertile couples." West African Journal of Medicine 22, no. 2 (2004): 190-196.

43 Huffman, Sandra, Elizabeth Zehner, Philip Harvey, Luan Martin, Ellen Piwoz, Kindal Ndure, Cheryl Combest, Robert Mwadime, and Victoria Quinn. Essential health sector actions to improve Maternal Nutrition in Africa. Washington, DC: Regional Centre for Quality of Healthcare, Makerere University and LINKAGES, 2001.

44 Timaeus M, Ian. Estimation and Projection of Dual Orphans in Populations with Generalized HIV Epidemics: Updated Methods. London, U.K.: London School of Hygien and Tropical Medicine, 2007.

45 Brockerhoff, Martin, and Paul Hewett. "Ethnicity and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa." (1998)

46 Singh, Susheela, Akinrinola Bankole, and Vanessa Woog. "Evaluating the need for sex education in developing countries: sexual behaviour, knowledge of preventing sexually transmitted infections/HIV and unplanned pregnancy." Sex education 5, no. 4 (2005): 307-331.

47 Grosse, Scott, Katherine Krasovec, Serge Rwamasirabo, and Jean Bosco Sibomana. Evaluating trends in children's nutritional status in Rwanda. : Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1995.

48 Cleland, John G, Robert P Ndugwa, and Eliya M Zulu. "Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress or stagnation?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89, no. 2 (2010): 137-143.

49 Gage, Anastasia J, and Ann K Blanc. "Fertility and the Male Life Cycle in the Era of Fertility Decline." (2000) Men, Polygyny, and Fertility Over the Life-Course in Sub-Saharan Africa.

50 Garenne M, Michel. "Fertility changes in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008) DHS Comparative Reports.

51 Ngom, Pierre, and Soukeynatou Fall. Fertility decline in francophone sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2010. : African Population & Health Research Center, 2002.

52 Sneeringer E, Stacy. Fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa: A comparative analysis of cohort trends in 30 countries. Calverton, USA: ICF Macro / USAID, 2009.

53 Shapiro, David, and B. Oleko Tambashe. "Fertility transition in urban and rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa." Chaire Quetelet Symposium in Demography. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, September, 2000.

54 Bongaarts, John. "Fertility transitions in developing countries: progress or stagnation?." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 2 (2008): 105-110.

55 Filmer, Deon. "Fever and its treatment among the more and less poor in sub-Saharan Africa." Health policy and planning 20, no. 6 (2005): 337-346.

56 Slack T, Alison. Food and nutrition security data on the World Wide Web. Washington DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1999.

57 Diallo B, Amadou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and heath with empircal application to developing countries: Africa compared to the rest of the world." Docteur ès Sciences Economiques, Université d’Auvergne, 2009.

58 Mei, Zuguo, Laurence M Grummer-Strawn, and Paul W Stupp. "From death to birth: Mortality decline and reproductive change." (1998) Effect of a child's death on birth spacing: A cross-national analysis.

59 Hilber, Adriane M, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Christian Schindler, Lise Beck, Florence Sécula, Oran McKenzie, Sara Gari, Christina Stuckli, and Sonja Merten. Gender and immunisation. Basel, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for International Health, 2010.

60 Mathers, Colin D, Christina Bernard, Kim M Iburg, Mie Inoue, Doris Ma Fat, Kenji Shibuya, Claudia Stein, Niels Tomijima, and Hongyi Xu. "Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results." (2003) Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper.

61 Artadi V, Elsa. "Going into Labor: Earnings vs. Infant Survival in Rural Africa." (2005) Mimeograph, Bocconi University.

62 Kudamatsu, Masayuki. "Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Micro Data." (2007) Stockholm University - Institute for International Economic Studies (IIES).

63 Timceus M, Ian. "Health and Mortality: Issues of Global Concern." (1999) v. Mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.

64 Hohmann, Sophie, and Michel Garenne. "Health and wealth in Uzbekistan and sub-Saharan Africa in comparative perspective." Economics & Human Biology 8, no. 3 (2010): 346 -360.

65 Garenne, Michel, and Sophie Hohmann. "Health and wealth in Uzbekistan in a comparative perspective." International Seminar on Vulnerable Populations: Definitions, Categories and Empirical Analysis . Paris, France, July 15-16, 2005.

66 Xu, Ke, Priyanka Saksena, and David B Evans. "Health financing and access to effective interventions." (2010) World Heath Report Background Paper.

67 Cornia, Giovanni A, and Leonardo Menchini. "Health improvements and health inequality during the last 40 years." (2006) Research Paper No. 2006/10 .

68 Wang, Limin. Health outcomes in low-income countries and policy implications: Empirical findings from demographic and health surveys. : World Bank, Environment Dept., 2002.

69 Wang, Limin. "Health outcomes in poor countries and policy options: Empirical findings from Demographic and Health Surveys." (2002) World Bank Policy Research Papers.

70 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Gary King. "Health Systems Performance Assessment: Debates, Methods And Empiricism." (2003) Measuring Total Health Inequality: Adding Individual Variations to Group Differences.

71 Lindquist, Katharine. Horizontal educational inequalities and civil conflict: The nexus of ethnicity, inequality, and violent conflict. : Carleton College, 2011.

72 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries." (2006) Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE). Working Paper.

73 Ostby, Gudrun. "Horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil conflict: evidence from 55 developing countries, 1986-2003." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

74 Bongaarts, John. "Household size and composition in the developing world in the 1990s." (2001) Population studies.

75 Parlow, Anton. "Households in conflict: A micro view on the effects of conflicts." (2010) (unpublished draft).

76 Stover, John, and John Ross. "How increased contraceptive use has reduced maternal mortality." Maternal and child health journal 14, no. 5 (2010): 687-695.

77 Friedman, Jed, and Norbert Schady. "How many more infants are likely to die In Africa as a result of the global financial crisis?." Research Working papers 1, no. 1 (2009): 1-18.

78 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.

79 Ueyama, Mika. "Income growth and gender bias in childhood mortality in developing countries." (2007) IFPRI discussion papers.

80 Johnston, Heidi B, and Kenneth H Hill. "Induced abortion in the developing world: indirect estimates." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 3 (1996): 108-137.

81 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. "Inequality and poverty in Africa in an era of globalization: Looking beyond income to health and education." (2007) Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper.

82 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. Inequality and poverty in Africa in an era of globalization: Looking beyond income to health and education. : United Nations University, 2007.

83 Brockerhoff, M, and P Hewett. "Inequality of child mortality among ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, no. 1 (2000): 30-41.

84 Ostby, Gudrun. "Inequality, institutions, and instability: Horizontal inequalities, political institutions, and civil conflict in developing countries 1986–2003." 1 st PIDDCP (Political Institutions, Development and a Domestic Civil Peace) Workshop. Oxford, UK, November 10-12, 2005.

85 Ross, John, and Laura Heaton. "Intended contraceptive use among women without an unmet need." (1997) International Family Planning Perspectives.

86 Adegboye, Oyelola, and Danelle Kotze. "Is poverty a determinant of educational attainment? Perspectives from Africa." (2011)

87 Bulatao A, Rodolfo. Key indicators for family planning projects. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 1995.

88 Agüero, Jorge M, and Anil Deolalikar. Late Bloomers? Identifying Critical Periods in Human Capital Accumulation. Evidence From the Rwanda Genocide. 2012.

89 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.

90 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

91 Lopez, Alan D, Joshua Salomon, Omar Ahmad, Christopher J Murray, and Doris Mafat. "Life tables for 191 countries: data, methods and results." (2001) GPE Discussion Paper Series (WHO).

92 Bongaarts, John, and Zachary Zimmer. "Living arrangements of older adults in the developing world: An analysis of DHS household surveys." (2001) Population Council Policy and Research Division.

93 Sahn, David E, and Stephen D Younger. "Living standards in Africa." (2007) Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper .

94 Sahn, David E, and Stephen Younger. "Living Standards in Africa." (2009) Initiative for Policy Dialogue Working Paper Series .

95 Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hilary Bracken. "Married adolescents: an overview." WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents. Geneva, December, 2003.

96 Chandrasekhar, S., Tesfayi Gebreselassie, and Anuja Jayaraman. "Maternal health care seeking behavior in a post-conflict HIPC: The case of Rwanda." Population Research and Policy Review 30, no. 1 (2011): 25-41.

97 AbouZahr, Carla, and Tessa Wardlaw. "Maternal mortality at the end of a decade: Signs of progress?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79, no. 6 (2001): 561-568.

98 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Gary King. "Measuring total health inequality: adding individual variation to group-level differences." International Journal for Equity in Health 1, no. 3 (2002).

99 Rajaratnam, Julie K, Linda N Tran, Alan D Lopez, and Christopher J Murray. "Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods." PLoS medicine 7, no. 4 (2010): e1000.

100 Grassly, Nicholas C, and Ian M Timaeus. "Methods to estimate the number of orphans as a result of AIDS and other causes in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes JAIDS 39, no. 3 (2005): 365-375.

101 Kurosaki, Takashi, and Mika Ueyama. "Micro household surveys and development microeconomics: With special emphasis on child health and intrahousehold resource allocation in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia." JIRCAS International Workshop. Tsukuba, Japan, July 12-13, 2001.

102 Garenne, Michel. "Migration, urbanisation and child health in Africa: a global perspective." Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective. Johannesburg, South Africa, June 4-7, 2003.

103 Goga E, Ameena. "Millennium development goals: achievements and prospects of meeting the targets in Africa." (2008) Reduction of Child Mortality.

104 Nwonwu, Francis. Millennium Development Goals: Achievements and prospects of meeting the targets in Africa. South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa, 2008.

105 Stewart, Frances, Graham Brown, and Luca Mancini. "Monitoring and Measuring Horizontal Inequalities." (2010)

106 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

107 Gordon, David, Michelle Irving, Shailen Nandy, and Peter Townsend. "Multidimensional measures of child poverty." (2005) Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research Draft Conference Paper.

108 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.

109 Collumbien, Martine, Makeda Gerressu, and John Cleland. "Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception." (2004) Comparative Quantification of Health Risks.

110 Wise, Victoria. Nutritional situation of young children in Rwanda: An analysis of anthropometric data collected by the Household Living Conditions Survey 1999 – 2001. : Food Security Research Project (FSRP) and Division of Agricultural Statistics (DSA), 2004.

111 Ericksen, Karen, and Tracy Brunette. "Patterns and predictors of infertility among African women: A cross-national survey of twenty-seven nations." Social Science & Medicine 42, no. 2 (1996): 209-220.

112 Garenne, Michel. "Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African Demographic Surveys." Human Biology 80, no. 5 (2008): 473-482.

113 Population bulletin of the United Nations : Completing the fertility transition. New York, USA: United Nations Publications, 2009.

114 Rafalitnanana, Hantamalala, and Charles F Westoff. "Potential Effects on Fertility and Child Health and Survival of Birth-spacing Preferences in Sub-Saharan Africa." Studies in Family Planning 31, no. 2 (2000): 99-110.

115 Hewett, Paul C, and Mark R Montgomery. "Poverty and public services in developing-country cities." (2001) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

116 Garenne, Michel, and Julien Zwang. "Premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Reproductive Health 12, no. 2 (2008): 64-74.

117 Larsen, Ulla. "Primary and secondary infertility in sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Epidemiology 29, no. 2 (2000): 285-291.

118 Sahn, David E, and David C Stifel. "Progress toward the millennium development goals in Africa." World Development 31, no. 1 (2003): 23-52.

119 Fotso, Jean-Christophe, Alex C Ezeh, Nyovani J Madise, and James Ciera. "Progress towards the child mortality millennium development goal in urban sub-Saharan Africa: the dynamics of population growth, immunization, and access to clean water." BMC Public Health 7, no. 1 (2007): 218.

120 Hopstock, Paul, Ann Sherpick, and Carla Briceno. Providers and consumers of commercial family planning services in developing countries. Arlington, USA: The PROFIT Project, 1997.

121 Lesthaeghe, R, and C Vanderhoeft. "Ready, willing and able: A conceptualization of transitions to new behavioral forms." (2001) DIFFUSION PROCESSES FERTILITY TRANSITION.

122 Bankole, Akinrinola, Susheela Singh, and Taylor Haas. "Reasons why women have induced abortions: evidence from 27 countries." International Family Planning Perspectives 24, no. 3 (1998).

123 Machiyama, Kazuyo, Richard Silverwood, Andy Sloggett, and John Cleland. "Recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of country trends of fertility decline." 2010 Quetelet Seminar. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, November 24-26, 2010.

124 Lou, A D. "Reproductive health and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Problems and prospects." (1999) Population: An English Selection.

125 Dayaratna, Varuni, William Winfrey, William McGreevey, Karen Hardee, Janet Smith, Elizabeth Mumford, Jeffrey Sine, and Ruth Berg. Reproductive health interventions: Which ones work and what do they cost?. : The POLICY Project, 2000.

126 Stover, John. "Revising the proximate determinants of fertility framework: What have we learned in the past 20 years?." Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. Washington, DC, USA, March, 1997.

127 Sahn, David E, and David C Stifel. "Robust comparisons of malnutrition in developing countries." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84, no. 3 (2002): 716-735.

128 Rolling Back Malaria: The World Bank Global Strategy & Booster Program. : World Bank Publications, 2005.

129 Pose, Romina R, and Fiona Samuels. "Rwanda’s Progress in Health: Leadership, Performance and Insurance." (2011) Overseas Development Institute.

130 Weber, Anke. "Sanctioning, clientelism and politicization: The impact of ethnicity on primary and secondary education in Africa." (2009) CIS Working Paper.

131 Gourbin, Catherin. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa.

132 Cleland, John, and Mohamed Ali. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) The Use of Demographic and Health Surveys to Monitor The Sexual and Reproductive Behaviour of Single Women .

133 Cleland, John, and Mohamed Ali. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) Monitor the Sexual and Reproductive Behaviour of Single Women.

134 Marcotullio, Peter J, and Gordon McGranahan. Scaling urban environmental challenges: From local to global and back. : Earthscan/James \& James, 2007.

135 Garenne, Michel. "Sex differences in health indicators among children in African DHS surveys." (2003) Journal of Biosocial Science.

136 Garenne, Michel. "Sex ratios at birth in populations of Eastern and Southern Africa." (2004) Southern African Journal of Demography.

137 Blanc, Ann K, and Ann A Way. "Sexual behavior and contraceptive knowledge and use among adolescents in developing countries." (1998) Studies in Family Planning.

138 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

139 Sowa, Agnieszka, and Christina Behrendt. "Social Security in Low and Middle-Income Countries: The Role of Household Survey Data." (2006) Issues in Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 14.

140 Kreider, Amanda, David Shapiro, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. Socioeconomic progress and fertility transition in the developing world: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys*. University Park, USA: Pennsylvania State University , 2009.

141 Uchudi M, Joseph. "Spouses' socioeconomic characteristics and fertility differences in sub-Saharan Africa: does spouse's education matter?." Journal of biosocial science 33, no. 4 (2001): 481-502.

142 Shapiro, David, Amanda Kreider, Catherine Varner, and Malika Sinha. "Stalling of fertility transitions and socioeconomic change in the developing world: evidence from the demographic and health surveys." 36th Chaire Quetelet, Annual Symposium in Demography. Louvain la Neuve, Belgium, November, 2010.

143 Mei, Zuguo, and Laurence M Grummer-Strawn. "Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: a cross country analysis." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 6 (2007): 441-448.

144 Garenne L, Michel. "Testing for fertility stalls in demographic and health surveys." Population Health Metrics 9, no. 59 (2011): 18.

145 Buekens, P., A. Tsui, M. Kotelchuck, and J. Degraft-Johnson. "Tetanus immunization and prenatal care in developing countries." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 48, no. 1 (1995): 91-94.

146 Finlay, Jocelyn E, Emre Ozaltin, and David Canning. "The association of maternal age with infant mortality, child anthropometric failure, diarrhoea and anaemia for first births: evidence from 55 low-and middle-income countries." BMJ Open 1, no. 2 (2011).

147 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

148 Kosec, Katrina. "The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africa's Urban Water Supply." (2012)

149 Kosec, Katrina. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing the Urban Water Supply in Africa. : Standford University, 2011.

150 De Walque, Damien, and Philip Verwimp. "The demographic and socio-economic distribution of excess mortality during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda." Journal of African Economies 19, no. 2 (2010): 141-162.

151 Bhagowalia, Priya, Susan Chen, and William Masters. "The distribution of child nutritional status across countries and over time." 2008 Annual Meeting. Orlando, Florida, 2008.

152 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

153 Filmer, Deon, and Lant Pritchett. "The Effect of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment: Demographic and Health Survey Evidence." (1998) Policy Research Working Paper.

154 Filmer, Deon, and Lant Pritchett. "The effect of household wealth on educational attainment: evidence from 35 countries." Population and Development Review 25, no. 1 (1999): 85-120.

155 Schindler, Kati, and Tilman Brück. "The effects of conflict on fertility in Rwanda." (2011) Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin.

156 Lutz, Wolfgang, Warren C Sanderson, Sergei Scherbov, Brian C O'Neill, Anne Goujon, Paulina K Makinwa-Abedsoye, Georges Reniers, Gui-Ying Cao, and F Landis MacKellar. "The end of world population growth in the 21st century: new challenges for human capital formation and sustainable development." (2004)

157 Bongaarts, John. "The fertility impact of changes in the timing of childbearing in the developing world." Population Studies 53, no. 3 (1999): 277-289.

158 Akachi, Yoko, and David Canning. "The height of women in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of health, nutrition, and income in childhood." Annals of Human Biology 34, no. 4 (2007): 397-410.

159 Bennell, Paul, Karin Hyde, and Nicola Swainson. "The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa." (2002) Sussex, Centre for International Education, University of Sussex.

160 Kravdal, Øystein. The importance of education for fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa is substantially underestimated when community effects are ignored. Oslo, Norway: Department of Economics University of Oslo, 2001.

161 Smith, Lisa C, Usha Ramakrishnan, Aida Ndiaye, Lawrence Haddad, and Reynaldo Martorell. The importance of women's status for child nutrition in developing countries. Washington DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2003.

162 Magadi, Monica, Eliya Zulu, and Martin Brockerhoff. "The inequality of maternal health in urban sub-Saharan Africa." (2003) Social Statistics Research Centre, University of Southampton: Applications and Policy Working Paper.

163 Munro, Alistair, Bereket Kebede, Marcela Tarazona-Gomez, and Arjan Verschoor. "The lion’s share. An experimental analysis of polygamy in Northern Nigeria." (2010) GRIPS Discussion Papers.

164 Ncube, Mthuli, and Abebe Shimeles. "The making of the middle class in Africa." (2012)

165 Montgomery R, Mark. "The place of the urban poor in the Cairo Programme of Action and the Millennium Development Goals." Seminar on the Relevance of Population Aspects for the Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. New York, New York, 2004.

166 LeGrand, Thomas K, and Magali Barbieri. "The possible effects of child survival on women's ages at first union and childbirth in sub-Saharan Africa." European Journal of Population 18, no. 4 (2002): 361-386.

167 Westoff, Charles F, and Akinrinola Bankole. "The potential demographic significance of unmet need." International Family Planning Perspectives 22, no. 1 (1996): 16-20.

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169 Evans, David. "The spillover impacts of Africa’s orphan crisis." (2005) Unpublished manuscript. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.

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