Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2004
Myanmar, 2004
Identification
MMR_2004_GYTS_v01_M
Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2004
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Myanmar | MMR |
Household Survey & Census
The Myanmar Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2004 aims to describe the prevalence of cigarette and other tobacco use as well as information on five determinants of tobacco use of 8th, 9th and 10th students in Myanmar: access/availability and price, environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS), cessation, media and advertising, and school curriculum. These determinants are components of the comprehensive tobacco control programme of Myanmar. The report also describes the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding to tobacco use, the extent to which they receive anti-tobacco information in schools and from media and the extent they were exposed to pro-tobacco messages.
GYTS is a school-based tobacco specific survey which focuses on adolescents age 13 to 15. It assesses students’ attitudes, knowledge and behaviours related to tobacco use and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, as well as youth exposure to prevention curriculum in school, community programmes, and media messages aimed at preventing and education youth tobacco use. The GYTS also contains information on where tobacco products are obtained and used, and information related to the effectiveness of enforcement measures.
In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) and the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) began work on the development and implementation of a Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), as part of the WHO/ UNICEF supported project on youth and tobacco.
GYTS is a project for international surveillance and comparisons of tobacco use, which is intended to enhance the capacity of countries to monitor tobacco use among youth, and to guide the implementation and evaluation of tobacco prevention and control programmes.
Sample survey data [ssd]
Adolescents age 13 to 15
Scope
Content of GYTS
· Smoking status of youth
· Age of initiation of tobacco use
· Number of cigarettes and tobacco products smoked in lifetime
· Frequency of smoking
· Likelihood of smoking
· Knowledge and attitudes towards smoking
· Knowledge and attitude towards cessation
· Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) –amount/duration
· Access to cigarettes
· Exposure to media and advertising
· School curriculum
Coverage
Not specified
Producers and sponsors
| Name |
|---|
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| World Health Organization |
| Name |
|---|
| Department of Health |
Sampling
The GYTS survey sample design is a 2-stage design. For the first stage of sampling, schools were selected randomly within the grade range specified with a probability proportional to enrollment size. At the second stage, classes were randomly selected from within the selected schools and all the students within a class were surveyed. The sampling frame usually consists of 3 or 4 grades/ forms that capture most of students ages 13-15 years old.
At the first step, grades that capture most of 13-15 years old were identified as 8th, 9th and 10th graders. In the Myanmar Basic Education System, there are basic education primary schools, basic education middle schools and basic education high schools. Basic middle schools have grades 0 to 8, and basic high schools have either grade 0 to 10 or 5 to 10. A detailed list of all schools in the whole country with 8 to 10 grades was collected from the State and Divisional Education Departments. Name of schools, enrollment of 8, 9 and 10 students and their addresses were compiled and entered into Spreadsheets.
A total of ( 3810 ) schools was eligible for the study. All schools containing eight, ninth and tenth grade that contained 40 or more students were included in the sampling frame. The list of the schools was sent to CDC, Office on Smoking and Health. A two-stage cluster sample design was used to produce representative sample of students in eight, ninth and tenth grade for all of Myanmar.
School Level: The first-stage sampling frame consisted of all schools containing eight, ninth and tenth grade. A total of 100 schools were chosen proportional to enrollment size.
Class level: The second sampling stage consisted of systematic equal probability sampling (with a random start) of classes from each school that participated in the survey. All classes in the selected schools were included in the sampling frame. All students in selected classes were eligible for participation.
Schools: 100.00%, 100 of the 100 sampled schools participated.
Students: 93.5%, 6,100 of the 6,524 sampled students completed usable questionnaires.
Overall response rate: 100.00% * 93.5% = 93.5%
To calculate point estimates from the GYTS data sampling weights had been used.
A weighting factor was applied to each questionnaire to reflect the likelihood of sampling each student and to reduce bias by compensating for different patterns of non response.
The weight used for estimation is given by:
W = W1 W2 f1 f2 f3 *f4
W1 = the inverse of the probability of selecting the school
W2 = the inverse of the probability of selecting the classroom within the school
f1 = a school-level nonresponse adjustment factor calculated by school size category (small, medium, large)
f2 = a class adjustment factor calculated by school
f3 = a student-level nonresponse adjustment factor calculated by class
f4 = a post stratification adjustment factor calculated by gender and grade
The weighted results were used to make important inferences concerning tobacco use risk behaviours of students in eighth, ninth and tenth grades.
Survey instrument
CDC provided a set of 56 tobacco-specific questions or “core” questionnaire which would provide essential data for comparisons between countries and regions. Based on the CDC core questionnaire, a modified questionnaire was produced to according to the nature of tobacco use in Myanmar.
This questionnaire was pre-tested at a group of students at a peri-urban school in Yangon. A few modifications were made and copies of the questionnaires were duplicated to be used at the 100 schools chosen. The eligible students from the selected schools were provided with the machine readable answer sheets which were also sent from CDC. They were asked to fill in the answer sheets in response to anonymous and confidential self -administered questionnaire. They were provided with 2B pencils to fill in the circles of the answer sheets. Student anonymity and school confidentiality was ensured. Prior to each survey, the survey administrator ensured that no one will know who they are or who their school is and that their grade or CPR will not be affected because they take the survey and that the results of the survey will never be reported by name, class (section) or school.
Survey procedures were designed to protect the students’ privacy by allowing for anonymous and voluntary participation. The students completed the self-administered questionnaire in their classrooms, recording their responses directly on a machine readable answer sheet.
The answer sheets, school level forms and class level forms were sent to Office of Smoking and Health, CDC by DHL. The code books and preferred tables were sent back from CDC to the coordinator, TFI Project of Department of Health.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2004-04 | 2004-04 |
An approval from the Ministry of Health was obtained to conduct the nation wide survey in April, 2004. Letters of request were sent to the Department of Educational Planning and Training and Department of Basic Education (1) (2) and (3) and State and Divisional Health Departments to collaborate with the GYTS.
The Research Coordinator was responsible for overall management of the project and functions as a liaison between other agencies or departments in the country, WHO, UNICEF, CDC and other countries conducting GYTS. The TFI Project worked closely with the School Health Project of the Department of Health to conduct the survey.
Training for survey coordinators was conducted at the Department of Health on 14th June 2004. The Research Co-coordinator and the School Health Project Manager conducted the training. The surveyors include Divisional Director from Bago Division, Assistant Director (School Health), Social workers from Yangon Division, Township Health Officers, Township Medical Officers, School Medical Officers, MCH doctors, Statisticians, Health Assistants and Public Health Supervisors.
Distributor information
| Organization name |
|---|
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd Atlanta GA 30333 United States Tel 1-800-311-3435 Fax 1-770-488-4760 Web http://www.cdc.gov/ |
Data Access
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | Not specified |
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization. Myammar Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2004, Ref. MMR_2004_GYTS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from [url] on [date].
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) | WHO Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases | tfi@who.int |
Metadata production
DDI_MMR_2004_GYTS_v01_M_WB
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Development Economics Data Group | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
2015
Metadata version
Version 01 (July 2015)