Malaria Indicator Survey 2016
Ghana, 2016
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GHA_2016_MIS_v01_M
Malaria Indicator Survey 2016
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Ghana | GHA |
Demographic and Health Survey, MIS
The 2016 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (GMIS 2016) was the first independent Malaria Indicator Survey conducted in Ghana. In 2008 and 2014, Ghana implemented DHS surveys that included the primary malaria indicators. The 2016 GMIS used a nationally representative sample of 200 clusters and about 6000 households.
The 2016 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (2016 GMIS) was implemented by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), in close collaboration with the Ghana National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), and the National Public Health Reference Laboratory (NPHRL) of the Ghana Health Service. The survey used a nationally representative sample of 200 clusters and about 6000 households.
The primary objective of the 2016 GMIS is to provide current estimates of key malaria indicators. Specific objectives were:
- To measure the extent of ownership and use of mosquito bednets
- To assess coverage of intermittent preventive treatment to protect pregnant women
- To identify practices and specific medications used for treating malaria among children under age 5
- To measure indicators of behaviour change communication messages, knowledge, and practices about malaria
- To measure the prevalence of malaria and anaemia among children age 6-59 months
The findings from the 2016 GMIS will assist policy makers and program managers in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving malaria control interventions in Ghana.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Household
- Individual
- Children age 0-5
- Woman age 15-49
Scope
The 2016 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey covered the following topics:
HOUSEHOLD
• Identification
• Usual members and visitors in the selected households
• Background information on each person listed, such as relationship to head of the household, age, and sex
• Characteristics of the household's dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, type of fuel used for cooking, number of rooms, ownsership of livestock, possessions of durable goods, mosquito nets, and main material for the floor, roof and walls of the dwelling.
INDIVIDUAL WOMAN
• Identification
• Respondent's background
• Reproduction
• Pregnancy and intermittent preventive treatment
• Fever in children
BIOMARKER
• Identification
• Hemoglobin measurement and malaria testing for children age 0-5
FIELDWORKER
• Background information on each fieldworker
Coverage
National coverage
Urban and rural, and 10 administrative regions (Western, Central, Greater Accra, Volta, Eastern, Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East and Upper West)
The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), women age 15-49 years and children age 6-59 months resident in the household.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) | Government of Ghana |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| National Malaria Control Programme | Government of Ghana | Collaborated in the implementation of the study |
| National Public Health Reference Laboratory | Government of Ghana | Collaborated in the implementation of the study |
| ICF | The DHS Program | Provided technical assistance |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Government of Ghana | Funded the study |
| United States Agency for International Development | Funded the study |
| Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria | Funded the study |
Sampling
The sampling frame used for the 2016 GMIS is the frame of the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) conducted in Ghana. The 2010 PHC frame is being maintained by GSS and updated periodically as new information is received from various surveys. The frame is a complete list of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the PHC. An EA is a geographic area that covers an average of 145 households. The EA size is the number of residential households in the EA according to the 2010 PHC. The average size of urban EAs is slightly larger than the average size of rural EAs; the urban EA average size is 185 households compared with an average size of 114 households in rural EAs. The sampling frame contains information about the EAs location, type of residence (urban or rural), and the estimated number of residential households.
The 2016 GMIS sample was stratified and selected from the sampling frame in two stages. Each region was separated into urban and rural areas; this yielded 20 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before the sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.
For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.
A total of 6,003 households were selected for the survey of which 5,929 were occupied at the time of fieldwork. Among the occupied households, 5,841 were successfully interviewed, for a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 5,186 eligible women were identified for individual interview and 5,150 were successfully interviewed, for a response rate of 99%.
A spreadsheet with all the sampling parameters and selection probabilities was prepared to facilitate the calculation of the design weights. Design weights were adjusted for household non-response and individual non-response to obtain the sampling weights, for households and women, respectively. The differences of the household sampling weights and the women's individual sampling weights are introduced by individual non-response. The final sampling weights were normalized in order to achieve the total number of un-weighted cases equal to the total number of weighted cases at national level, for both household weights and the women's individual weights, respectively. The normalized weights are relative weights, which are valid for estimating means, proportions, and ratios, but are not valid for estimating population totals and pooled data. No weights were calculated for children under age 5. For the biomarker indicators for children under age 5, the household weight was applied. For the prevalence of fever and the treatment fever, the child's mother's weight was applied.
For further details on sampling weights, see Appendix A.4 of the final report.
Survey instrument
Three types of questionnaires were used for the 2016 GMIS - the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires were adapted to reflect issues relevant to Ghana. Modifications were determined after a series of meetings with various stakeholders from the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and other government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international partners. The questionnaires in English and three local Ghanaian languages (Akan, Ewe, and Ga) were programmed into tablet computers, which enabled the use of computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for the survey.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2016-10-03 | 2016-12-01 |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Ghana Statistical Servic | Government of Ghana |
Field data collection was conducted during a 6-week period from 3 October–1 December 2016. Twelve teams were formed, with each including a supervisor, 3 interviewers, a driver, and a health technician. Each team was allocated at least 16 clusters according to local language competency. The team spent an average of 3 days working in a cluster. Information on selected clusters and sampled households was provided to each team for easy location. When eligible respondents were absent from their homes, two or more calls were made to offer respondents the opportunity to participate in the survey. Two officers were responsible for the timely collection of slides and blood samples from the field teams to the NPHRL. In addition to the field supervisors, there were national and regional monitors who supervised field activities and assured the collection and transmission of the blood slides to the laboratory.
Data processing
Data for the 2016 GMIS were collected through questionnaires programmed into the CAPI application. The CAPI application was programmed by ICF and loaded into the computers along with the Household, Biomarker, and Woman’s Questionnaires. Using the cloud, the field supervisors transferred data on a daily basis to a central location for data processing in the GSS office located in Accra. To facilitate communication and monitoring, each field worker was assigned a unique identification number.
The Census and Survey Processing (CSPro) system was used for data editing, cleaning, weighting, and tabulation. Data received from the field teams’ CAPI applications were registered and checked for any inconsistencies and outliers at the GSS Head Office. Data editing and cleaning included an extensive range of structural and internal consistency checks. All anomalies were communicated to field teams which resolved data discrepancies. The corrected results were maintained in master CSPro data files at ICF and then used for analysis in producing tables for the final report.
Data appraisal
The sampling frame used for the 2016 GMIS is the frame of the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) conducted in Ghana. The 2010 PHC frame is being maintained by GSS and updated periodically as new information is received from various surveys. The frame is a complete list of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the PHC. An EA is a geographic area that covers an average of 145 households. The EA size is the number of residential households in the EA according to the 2010 PHC. The average size of urban EAs is slightly larger than the average size of rural EAs; the urban EA average size is 185 households compared with an average size of 114 households in rural EAs. The sampling frame contains information about the EAs location, type of residence (urban or rural), and the estimated number of residential households.
The 2016 GMIS sample was stratified and selected from the sampling frame in two stages. Each region was separated into urban and rural areas; this yielded 20 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before the sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.
A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix B of the survey report.
Data Quality Tables
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
Note: See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the final report.
Data Access
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| The DHS Program | http://www.DHSprogram.com | archive@dhsprogram.com |
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Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Information about The DHS Program | The DHS Program | reports@DHSprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |
| General Inquiries | The DHS Program | info@dhsprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |
| Data and Data Related Resources | The DHS Program | archive@dhsprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |