Afrobarometer Survey 2011-2013
Africa, 2011 - 2013
Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD, Ghana), Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in South Africa (IJR, South Africa), Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP, Benin), Institute for Development Studies (IDS, Kenya), Michigan State University (MSU, United States),
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Identification
Survey ID Number
AFR_2011_AFB-34_v01_M
Title
Afrobarometer Survey 2011-2013
Subtitle
Merged 34 Country
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Africa | AFR |
Study type
Public Opinion Survey [po]]
Series Information
The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess citizen attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. Having started with 12 countries in the first cycle in 1999, the Afrobarometer coverage has progressively increased over time and covered a total of 34 countries in Round 5 (2011-2013). It is expected that in Round 6, the same 34 countries will be covered, between 2014 and 2015. We also hope to add South Sudan as a 36th country during Round 6 if the political situation permits.
Abstract
The Afrobarometer project assesses attitudes and public opinion on democracy, markets, and civil society in several sub-Saharan African.This dataset was compiled from the studies in Round 5 of the Afrobarometer survey, conducted between 2011 and 2013 in 34 African countries (Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe).
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Basic units of analysis that the study investigates include: individuals and groups
Version
Version Description
v1: Edited, anonymised dataset for public distribution
Version Date
2015
Scope
Notes
Each Afrobarometer survey collects data about individual attitudes and behavior, including innovative indicators especially relevant to developing societies. This includes the following topics:
• Democracy - Popular understanding of, support for, and satisfaction with democracy, as well as any desire to return to, or experiment with, authoritarian alternatives.
• Governance - The demand for, and satisfaction with, effective, accountable and clean government; judgments of overall governance perfomance and social service delivery.
• Livelihoods - How do African families survive? What variety of formal and informal means do they use to gain access to food, shelter, water, health, employment and money?
• Macro-economics and markets - Citizen understandings of market principles and market reforms and their assessments of economic conditions and government performance at economic management.
• Social capital - Whom do people trust? To what extent do they rely on informal networks and associations? What are their evaluations of the trustworthiness of various institutions?
• Conflict and crime - How safe do people feel? What has been their experience with crime and violence?
• Participation - The extent to which ordinary people join in development efforts, comply with the laws of the land, vote in elections, contact elected representatives, and engage in protest. The quality of electoral representation.
• National identity - How do people see themselves in relation to ethnic and class identities? Does a shared sense of national identity exist?
• Democracy - Popular understanding of, support for, and satisfaction with democracy, as well as any desire to return to, or experiment with, authoritarian alternatives.
• Governance - The demand for, and satisfaction with, effective, accountable and clean government; judgments of overall governance perfomance and social service delivery.
• Livelihoods - How do African families survive? What variety of formal and informal means do they use to gain access to food, shelter, water, health, employment and money?
• Macro-economics and markets - Citizen understandings of market principles and market reforms and their assessments of economic conditions and government performance at economic management.
• Social capital - Whom do people trust? To what extent do they rely on informal networks and associations? What are their evaluations of the trustworthiness of various institutions?
• Conflict and crime - How safe do people feel? What has been their experience with crime and violence?
• Participation - The extent to which ordinary people join in development efforts, comply with the laws of the land, vote in elections, contact elected representatives, and engage in protest. The quality of electoral representation.
• National identity - How do people see themselves in relation to ethnic and class identities? Does a shared sense of national identity exist?
Topics
| Topic | Vocabulary | URI |
|---|---|---|
| conflict, security and peace [4.1] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| domestic political issues [4.2] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| government, political systems and organisations [4.4] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| mass political behaviour, attitudes/opinion [4.6] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| political ideology [4.7] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| business/industrial management and organisation [2.2] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| mass media [7.4] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| social exclusion [12.9] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| cultural activities and participation [13.2] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| cultural and national identity [13.3] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| religion and values [13.5] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| social behaviour and attitudes [13.6] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| social change [13.7] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| social conditions and indicators [13.8] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
The Afrobarometer surveys have national coverage in the following 34 countries
Algeria
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Cote d’Ivoire
Egypt
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Algeria
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Cote d’Ivoire
Egypt
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Geographic Unit
The lowest level of geographic aggregation covered by the data is district
Universe
The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name |
|---|
| Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD, Ghana) |
| Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in South Africa (IJR, South Africa) |
| Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP, Benin) |
| Institute for Development Studies (IDS, Kenya) |
| Michigan State University (MSU, United States) |
| University of Cape Town (UCT, South Africa) |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| The Mo Ibrahim Foundation | |
| Swedish Internation Development Cooperation Agency | SIDA |
| Department for International Development | DFID |
| United States Agency for International Development | USAID |
| World Bank | |
| Institute for Security Studies (South Africa) | ISS |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:
• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.
The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalised settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.
Sample size and design
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.
The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.
Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.
Sample stages
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:
Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewers alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.
To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.
Data weights
For some national surveys, data are weighted to correct for over or under-sampling or for household size. "Withinwt" should be turned on for all national -level descriptive statistics in countries that contain this weighting variable. It is included as the last variable in the data set, with details described in the codebook. For merged data sets, "Combinwt" should be turned on for cross-national comparisons of descriptive statistics. Note: this weighting variable standardizes each national sample as if it were equal in size.
Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found in Section 5 of the Afrobarometer Round 5 Survey Manual
• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.
The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalised settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.
Sample size and design
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.
The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.
Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.
Sample stages
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:
Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewers alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.
To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.
Data weights
For some national surveys, data are weighted to correct for over or under-sampling or for household size. "Withinwt" should be turned on for all national -level descriptive statistics in countries that contain this weighting variable. It is included as the last variable in the data set, with details described in the codebook. For merged data sets, "Combinwt" should be turned on for cross-national comparisons of descriptive statistics. Note: this weighting variable standardizes each national sample as if it were equal in size.
Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found in Section 5 of the Afrobarometer Round 5 Survey Manual
Weighting
Note that for some surveys data is weighted to correct for either deliberate (e.g., to provide an adequate sample of specific sub-groups for analytical purposes) or inadvertent over- or under-sampling of particular sample strata. In these cases, a weighting variable is included as the last variable in the data set, with details described in the codebook. These weighting factors should be used when calculating all national-level statistics.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2011-10-20 | 2013-06-04 | Round 5 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
Teams of four interviewers traveled together to the field under the leadership of a field supervisor. It was the supervisor's job to ensure quality control of survey returns on a daily basis.Interviews usually took about one hour and only proceeded after respondents have given informed consent. Strict confidentiality was required in handling survey returns.
Data Collection Notes
Interviewers, usually holding a first degree in social science, were trained in a five-day training workshop immediately prior to fieldwork. Interviews usually took about one hour and only proceeded after respondents have given informed consent. Strict confidentiality was required in handling survey returns.
Interviews conducted in the following languages:
Benin:
French, Fon, Adja, Bariba, Dendi, Yoruba, Otamari, Peulh
Botswana:
English, Setswana
Cape Verde:
Creole, Portuguese
Ghana:
English, Akan, Ewe, Ga, Dagbani
Kenya:
English, Kiswahili, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kimeru, Kisii, Luhya, Luo, Somali, Turkana
Lesotho:
English, Sesotho
Madagascar:
Malagasy Ofisialy, Malagasy Fitenim-Paritra
Malawi:
English, Chichewa, Chiyao, Chitumbuka
Mali:
Frenchm Bambara, Sonrhaï, Tamasheq, Peuhl
Mozambique:
Portuguese, Emakhuwa, Xichangana, Cisena, Cinyanja, Echuwabu, Cinyungwe
Namibia:
English, Afrikaans, Oshiwambo
Nigeria:
English, Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Pidgin, Tiv, Ibibio, Ijaw
Senegal:
French, Wolof, Pulaar, Serer
South Africa:
Afrikaans, English, Xhosa, North Sotho, South Sotho, Setswana, Swazi, Shangaan, Zulu
Tanzania:
Kiswahili
Uganda:
English, Luganda, Lusoga, Luo, Ruyankole, Rutoro, Rukiga, Ateso, Lugbara
Zambia:
English, Chibemba, Chinyanja, Chitonga, Silozi
Zimbabwe:
English, Chishona, Sindebele
Interviews conducted in the following languages:
Benin:
French, Fon, Adja, Bariba, Dendi, Yoruba, Otamari, Peulh
Botswana:
English, Setswana
Cape Verde:
Creole, Portuguese
Ghana:
English, Akan, Ewe, Ga, Dagbani
Kenya:
English, Kiswahili, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kimeru, Kisii, Luhya, Luo, Somali, Turkana
Lesotho:
English, Sesotho
Madagascar:
Malagasy Ofisialy, Malagasy Fitenim-Paritra
Malawi:
English, Chichewa, Chiyao, Chitumbuka
Mali:
Frenchm Bambara, Sonrhaï, Tamasheq, Peuhl
Mozambique:
Portuguese, Emakhuwa, Xichangana, Cisena, Cinyanja, Echuwabu, Cinyungwe
Namibia:
English, Afrikaans, Oshiwambo
Nigeria:
English, Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Pidgin, Tiv, Ibibio, Ijaw
Senegal:
French, Wolof, Pulaar, Serer
South Africa:
Afrikaans, English, Xhosa, North Sotho, South Sotho, Setswana, Swazi, Shangaan, Zulu
Tanzania:
Kiswahili
Uganda:
English, Luganda, Lusoga, Luo, Ruyankole, Rutoro, Rukiga, Ateso, Lugbara
Zambia:
English, Chibemba, Chinyanja, Chitonga, Silozi
Zimbabwe:
English, Chishona, Sindebele
Data Collectors
| Name |
|---|
| Afrobarometer team |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
Certain questions in the questionnaires for the Afrobarometer survey address country-specific issues, but many of the same questions were asked across surveys. Citizens of the 34 countries were asked questions about their economic and social situations, and their opinions were elicited on recent political and economic changes within their country. A full list of the questionnaires can be found on the Afrobarometer website.
Access policy
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| DataFirst | University of Cape Town | info@data1st.org | http://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za |
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| DataFirst Helpdesk | University of Cape Town | support@data1st.org | http://support.data1st.org/ |
Access conditions
Public use data, available to all
Citation requirements
Afrobarometer. Afrobarometer 2011-2013 [dataset]. Version 1.0. International: Afrobarometer [producer], 2015. Cape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2015.
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.