Impact Evaluation of the Improvement of Land Governance to Increase Productivity of Small-Scale Farmers on Mailo-Land 2017

The survey comprised three questionnaires namely:

1. Household questionnaire
2. Agriculture questionnaire
3. Landlord questionnaire

Each of the questionnaires had varying sections and questions.

The household questionnaire

• Section 1A: Household Identification Particulars
  Information in this section was provided to the field teams by the staff at the Headquarters (HQ) before starting data collection including the names and codes pertaining to the selected Enumeration Areas (EAs). An EA generally does not have its own name but is commonly known by the name of the Local Council 1 (LC1) that it is associated with.

• Section 2: Household Roster
  The purpose of this section is to identify all persons who are members of the household and to provide basic demographic information such as age, sex and marital status of each household member.
  The respondent for this section was mainly the household head. In the absence of the household head respondents must be a usual member of the household and should be capable of providing all the necessary information about other members of the household. Other household members also provide information or details on particular questions concerning them if present at the time of the visit.
  A household was defined as a group of people who normally live and eat their meals together for at least 6 months of the 12 months preceding the interview. Therefore, the member of the household is defined on the basis of how long they have lived in the household.

• Section 3: Education and Health
  The purpose of this section was to measure the level of education or formal schooling of all household members and the health for each individual. The minimum respondent age for this section was 3 years and above.

Information was mainly collected on:
a. The literacy status of household members – i.e. member of the household who could read and write.
b. The educational attainment of each respondent and the type of school attended.
c. Health of household members during the past 6 months.

• Section 4: Wage Employment and Non-Market Labor Activities
  This section covered wage employment for each household member over 10 years of age. This included wages, salary, in-kind payment in agricultural or non-agricultural activities, seasonal or not, including domestic work in the last 12 months.
  This section goes on to break down the activities by ISO and time spent.

• Section 5: Housing Conditions Water and Sanitation
  Data from this section was aimed at measuring the parcel/property ownership status and socio-economic status of household by assessing the quality of housing occupied and the tenure surrounding the property. Information was collected on the type of dwelling, tenure status, parcel size, how parcel was acquired, when parcel was acquired, parcel ownership rights, landlord or kibanja holder, parcel disputes and access to basic services (including water, electricity and sanitation).
  A dwelling was defined as a building or a group of buildings in which the household lived. It could be a hut, a group of huts, a single house, a group of houses, etc.

• Section 6: Sources of Income (financial decision making, savings, credit, borrowing and banking)
  This section gathered information on the following:
  a. Sources of income and decision making at household level.
  b. Financial savings and investments.
  c. Access to and utilization use of mobile money services.

• Section 7: Credit
  In Relation to 6 above, this gathers information on Potential borrowing sources for different household members.

• Section 8: Details of Loan Applications
  This section covers the details of loans applied for by any Household member, either jointly or singly in the last 12 months.

• Section 9: Non-Crop farming household enterprise/activities
  This section collected information on the presence of non-agricultural household enterprises. It includes information on income and employment derived from non- agricultural household enterprises and identifies the household member responsible for each enterprise in terms of decision making and the allocation of income generated. It also covered the involvement of household enterprises in the credit market. The respondent for each enterprise was a member of the household most knowledgeable about the activities of the enterprise.

• Section 10: Household Assets
  This section aimed at collecting data to estimate the value of household assets. It also collected information on ownership of assets.

• Section 11: Shocks and Coping Strategies
  Shocks were defined as events that happen suddenly. Usually they have a marked beginning and end. While they last for a short time, a few days or weeks, usually their effects are felt for a longer time. It was noted that a shock can be household specific or community wide. Examples of shocks include floods, livestock disease, fire, etc. For example, petty theft of household property was not considered as a shock.
  This section gathered information on which shocks/ distress events affected the households in the last 12 months.

• Section 12: Welfare and Food Security
  The purpose of this section was to collect information on vital needs and living conditions of households during the last 12 months. It provided additional information to assess household welfare. Food security was defined as the availability of food and one's access to it. Some questions regarding daily meals had a 24-hour recall period.

• Section 13A: decision making, bargaining and social capital -- male respondent
  This section was asked separately to the male respondent. It sought to collect information on social capital that is involvement and belonging to groups such as; religious, farmers, cooperatives and the respondent’s frequency of involvement in the same. It also covers decision making on a number of decision items at the household.

• Section 13B: Decision making, bargaining and social capital -- female respondent
  This section was asked separately to the female respondent. It sought to collect information on social capital that is involvement and belonging to groups such as; religious, farmers, cooperatives and the respondent’s frequency of involvement in the same. It also covers decision making on a number of decision items at the household.

• Section 14A: Gender Perceptions, Legal Knowledge and Conflicts – Male respondent
  This section was specific to the male respondent and it collected information on legal knowledge, through scenario-based questions and hypothetical examples on both gender and legal knowledge specific to mailo land. It also covered conflict issues and conflict mitigation.

• Section 14B: Gender Perceptions, Legal Knowledge and Conflicts – Female respondent
  This section was specific to the female respondent and it collected information on legal knowledge, through scenario-based questions and hypothetical examples on both gender and legal knowledge specific to mailo land. It also covered conflict issues and conflict mitigation.

• Section 19: Link to Agricultural Questionnaire
  The purpose of this section was to assist the enumerator in determining which households would require agriculture and/or livestock questionnaires.
  This Module focused on the first cropping season on the year 2017, that is January 2017 to June 2017. For Livestock the reference period was the last 12 months.

• Section AG2: Current land holdings (owned and access rights)
  The purpose of this section is to have a complete list of all the parcels owned and/or operated by the household during the season Jan-June 2017. It allows us to refer back to these parcels in the next sections of the questionnaire, together with the rights under which they are held and their current use. It is divided into two different parts.
  The first, Part A, collects information on parcels of land owned by the household.
  The second, Part B, collects information on parcels of land that the household has use rights/usufruct only while the ownership right belongs to someone else.
  This section is administered to households who have been involved in crop farming during the cropping season January to June 2017. Information was collected on agricultural land that these households had access during the reference period. Issues of land tenure status and land user rights were also investigated.

• Section AG 3A & B: Agricultural and Labor Inputs
  This section collected information on non-labor and labor input applications at the parcel- plot level during the first cropping season of 2017 (January–June 2017) for part A (owned) and B (use rights), respectively.

• Section AG 4A & B: Crops Grown and Types Of Seeds Used
  The purpose of this section was to collect information on crop cover of parcels farmed by the household. Data was collected on crops planted by the household during the first cropping season of 2017 (January–June 2017) on each plot in parcels accessed by the household through ownership or user rights, in part A and B, respectively.

• Section AG 5A & B: Quantification Of Production
  Information on agricultural production is collected at the parcel-plot-crop level separately for the first cropping season of 2017 (January–June 2017) in part A and B, respectively. This section also collects data on how the household used the harvested produce.

• Section AG 6A, B & C: Livestock
  The data on the ownership of (i) cattle and pack animals, (ii) small animals, and (iii) poultry and other animals was solicited in sections 6A, 6B, and 6C, respectively. Each section collects information on the dynamics of household livestock ownership at animal-type level over a given reference period, earnings from animal sales, and expenditures on animal purchases. If the household cared for animals that belonged to others, interviewers were instructed to record only ownership, sales and purchases of animals the household was entitled to keep; for instance, the young goats or sheep that the household keeps in return for caring the flock.

• Section AG 7: Livestock Production
  This section collected information on the production and sales of livestock by-products. The reference period was last 12 months for livestock and three months for poultry. These are covered in different sections (7A-7B) including production of Meat, Milk, respectively.

• Section AG 8: Animal Power
  This section collected information on Dung and Animal power. For any animal type raised by the households, it asks about the use of the products and the earnings from the sales or the rent of the service.

• Section AG 9: Extension Services
  The section collected information on agricultural technology and extension services. It covered access to extension services and demand for agricultural technology.
  Extension workers were defined as individuals employed by the government or non- governmental organizations who work as an agricultural development agent for contacting and demonstrating improved farming methods to farmers. They are responsible for organizing, disseminating, guiding and introducing technical methods in agricultural production directly to farmers, and for facilitating farmers coming into contact with cultivation methods to promote agricultural production.

• Section AG 10: Farm Implements and Machinery
  This section collected information on agricultural implements and machinery. It collects information in regard to ownership and estimated value both in cash and in-kind of the implements and it has a reference period of 12 months.

• Section AG 11: Land Market and Related activities
  Reference period here was past 5 years. This section collected information on land market (sold, given away as inheritance or gift or donation, lost due to expropriation) of land.