Agricultural Productivity Module of the Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2017
Zimbabwe, 2017
Identification
ZWE_2017_PICES-APM_v01_M
Agricultural Productivity Module of the Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2017
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Zimbabwe | ZWE |
Agricultural Survey [ag/oth]
The Agricultural Productivity Module (APM), is the first nationally representative survey on agricultural productivity in Zimbabwe. The survey covers the agricultural small sectors i.e. the A1 farming areas, the Small Scale Commercial Farming areas, Communal areas and the Old resettlement Areas. The survey is part of the 2017 Poverty, Consumption and Expenditure Survey.
The Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) together with the Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate and Rural Resettlement (MLAWCRR) conducted the Agricultural Productivity Module (APM) as part of the Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey (PICES) 2017. The APM survey was carried out with financial and technical assistance from the World Bank. The APM provides representative estimates at the national level. The APM survey collected detailed information on agricultural production of different types of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. These smallholders formed a subsample of households that were part of the PICES 2017 survey.
The objective of the APM Survey was twofold: (1) to collect, analyse and disseminate high-quality household level data on agriculture and welfare by introducing an additional innovative module to a subsample of the PICES 2017 survey; and (2) to strengthen national capacity for the collection and analysis of policy relevant data. This was done through promoting institutional interaction between ZIMSTAT and MLAWCRR, with technical and financial support from the World Bank.
The PICES-APM is intended to complement the Agricultural and Livestock Survey (ALS) as well as other agricultural data collected by ZIMSTAT. Data from the APM also supplements data collected by the MLAWCRR through its surveillance activities. The APM survey collected data on multiple topics of relevance to smallholder farming including on food and nutrition security. The data can be used to assess constraints for raising smallholder productivity as well as for reducing vulnerability, complementing the annual survey of the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZIMVAC). Since the APM module was part of PICES 2017, information on welfare indicators such as household poverty status, education, health, housing as well as other income sources will also be available for these households. This will make it possible to assess the linkage between smallholder agricultural productivity and poverty and also to assess the impact of policy measures (e.g. a change in agricultural subsidies) on household welfare, and inform the design of better policies and programmes aimed at improving the lives of rural smallholder households in Zimbabwe.
Sample survey data [ssd]
Farming households in the smallholder agricultural sector
Scope
The 2017 Zimbabwe Agricultural Productivity Module of the Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey covered the following topics:
• Household identification
• Household roster
• Parcel roster
• Plot roster, details, and GPS measurements
• Input use on plot
• Agricultural labor
• Field crop harvest and field crop disposition
• Seed acquisition
• Purchased seeds
• Expected sales for field crops
• Tree and permanent crops
• Permanent hired labor
• Animal holdings
• Pasture
• Animal costs and production systems
• Agricultural by-product
• Agricultural capital
• Command agriculture
• Credit
• Food and nutrition security
• Dietary diversity
• Use rights for land holdings
• Extension services
Coverage
National coverage, rural areas of 8 provinces
The survey covered small agricultural holders consisting of Communal Lands, A1 Farms, Small Scale Commercial Farms and Old Resettlement Areas. The survey excluded large scale commercial farms and urban provinces such as Harare and Bulawayo.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) | Ministry of Finance and Economic Development |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| United Nations Children’s Fund | Technical support |
| Ministry of Lands Agriculture, Water, Climate and Rural Resettlement | Technical support |
| African Development Bank | Technical support |
| Department for International Development | Technical support |
| Ministry of Finance and Economic Development | Technical support |
| United Nations Development Programme | Technical support |
| Ministry of Public Service Labour and Social Welfare | Technical support |
| United Nations Population Fund | Technical support |
| World Bank | Technical support |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Government of Zimbabwe | Financial support |
| World Bank | Financial support |
Sampling
The Agricultural Productivity Module (APM), is a nationally representative survey on agricultural productivity in Zimbabwe. The survey covers four smallholder farming sectors namely Communal Lands (CL), Small Scale Commercial Farms (SSCF), Old Resettlement Areas (ORA) and A1 Farms. The PICES 2017 was based on a sample of 32,256 households which provides representative estimates at province and district levels. A total of 2 552 households were sampled for the APM survey.
The APM is a survey of smallholder households. The data was collected from a subsample of the households that were interviewed in 2017 Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey (PICES). Information on household characteristics, education, housing, etc. for these households was collected in the main PICES data collection. The sample excluded the A2 farmers and other large-scale commercial farmers as (i) their managers and cultivators did not always live in the local area; and (ii) the large farm sizes of large scale commercial farms made them less suitable for plot size measurement.
To select the APM subsample a two-stage sample design was used. The first stage involved the selection of enumeration areas from the PICES EAs that were in the March, April, and May 2017 sample. The EAs were selected using the Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling method. The measure of size was the number of households enumerated during the 2012 population census. The PPS procedure assigns each sampling unit a specific chance to be selected in the sample before the sampling begins, and the chance is proportional to its measure of size.
The second stage involved the selection of households from a sample of PICES households using random systematic sampling method. Systematic sampling (SYS) is the selection of sampling units at a fixed interval from a list, starting from a randomly determined point. Selection is systematic because selection of the first sampling unit determines the selection of the remaining sampling units. The sample design strategy allowed for representativeness at national level as well as for Communal Lands, Small Scale Commercial Farms, A1 Farms, and Old Resettlement Areas.
The households were selected using Random Systematic Sampling (RSYS) method for EAs in APM Survey. A sample of 8 households per EA was selected from Communal Lands and Resettlement Areas and a census of all PICES households (i.e. 14 households) was taken for EAs in the A1 Farms and the Small-Scale Commercial Farms (SSCF). A reserve of four extra households was selected per EA for replacement purposes, in case a selected household in the Communal Lands and Old Resettlement Areas was not an agricultural household.
Survey instrument
The survey data was collected using the questionnaires that consisted of 16 sections.
Data collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-03-28 | 2017-06-17 | First round |
| 2017-09-10 | 2017-11-09 | Second round |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency | Ministry of Finance and Economic Development |
Data were collected through interviews using paper questionnaires. Data on plot area measurement and coordinates of households’ dwellings were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) instruments.
Post planting data collection was carried out from 28 March to 17 June 2017 by eight mobile teams with one team per province. All provinces were selected except Harare and Bulawayo which are the main urban provinces of Zimbabwe. Each mobile team comprised of a team leader, a data entry person, a driver and 5 enumerators. Each team would move to an EA, interview all selected households in that EA including plot measurements, and move to another EA until all the EAs and households in the assigned province were covered. The data collected was entered on laptops whilst in the field. Second entry and verification of APM data was done at the Head Office. The second-round data collection was conducted from 10 September to 9 November 2017, using the same approach.
A Non-Standard Unit Survey (NSUM) was conducted during the APM Survey period in 2017. Non-standard units obtained from the survey were used to convert output to standard units using conversion factors from the market survey. This was done with the use of the quantities of maize measured from markets during the Non-Standard Measurement Survey 2017 round one and two.
Data processing
The first data entry process was done in the field.
• A total of eight data entry clerks were trained on how to capture APM data.
• The data entry clerks also participated in the training of enumerators’ workshop so that they get an appreciation of the questionnaire.
• Each data entry clerk was attached to a provincial APM team.
• The data entry template had inbuilt checks i.e. valid-value, valid-range, consistency, and missing-value alerts on each electronically captured field.
• In the event that inconsistencies were identified during fieldwork, data entry would be immediately rectified while enumerators were in the field.
• The second data entry and data verification were done separately after the data collection period had been completed.
Metadata production
DDI_ZWE_2017_PICES-APM_v01_M
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency | Ministry of Finance and Economic Development | Documentation of the study |
| Development Economics Data Group | The World Bank | Review of the metadata |
2021-08-13
Metadata version
Version 02 (August 2021). Identical to a DDI published on Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) microdata catalog. Some of the metadata fields have been edited.