To achieve MDGs, it is important to understand ailing and hospitalization that occurs in India. In this regard, data were used from two surveys of NSSO's, i.e., 52 nd round and 60 th round which were collected in 1995-1996 and 2004. Some research has been carried out to examine ailing and hospitalization, but, they were only village level/district level or state level studies. Studies on ailing and hospitalization for all India are few. There are a number of factors that influence ailing and hospitalization such as demographic (age, sex, and residence), social (religion, social group, and marital status), household (structure, source of drinking water, water treatment, and availability of latrine, drainage facility, and source of energy for cooking), and economic (education, activity status, and landholding). Multivariate analyses were used for examining the relationships. The overall odds ratio of logistic regression shows that the Hindus, never married people have higher chance of ailing and hospitalization in India. As expected young males residing in urban areas have lower chance of ailing and hospitalization. Southern and western people of India were more likely to be ailing and hospitalized than persons in other parts of India.