After the dissolution of the former Soviet Union, low-income countries in transition: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan have faced challenges of widespread poverty and sharp inequality. To reduce poverty and inequality, this group of countries, also known as CIS-7, has committed to rapid reforms in social assistance programs. This article proposes a new Common Framework of Performance Measurement for social assistance programs in CIS-7 countries that allows social administrators and policymakers to assess the performance of social assistance programs for the purposes of management improvement, encouraging accountability, and promoting benchmarking. Combining efficiency, quality, and effectiveness perspectives into a framework is a practical approach to assess the achievements of social assistance programs in CIS-7 towards poverty and inequality reduction.