This chapter addresses major issues of socio-economic status of the Yamuna River basin, including demography, population growth, urbanization, migration, sex ratio, literacy, classification of workers, agricultural labor and farmers, and population below poverty line. Various health indicators are discussed to assess the health status in the basin. For overall spatial socio-economic status in the basin, various indicators, such as human development index and technical efficiency, are described. Other important parameters, such as livelihood and employment, livestock population, water supply, and water auditing, are also covered.