Type | Working Paper |
Title | Increasing the employment of women through flexible work arrangements |
Author(s) | |
Publication (Day/Month/Year) | 2005 |
URL | http://pdf.mutual-learning-employment.net/pdf/norway 05/TR_Tunali.pdf |
Abstract | In 2004 the countrywide employment rate (15+) in Turkey was 22.9 percent for females, and 64.7 percent for males. The figures in rural areas were considerably higher (F: 35.5, M: 69.3) than in urban areas (F: 15, M: 62). The differences by location reflect the vital role of agriculture in employment (estimated at around 7.4 million, amounting to 34 percent of the total) and the continuing importance of family farming practices. The differences by gender reflect the predominant form of division of labour in the household, which assigns the male head the breadwinning role, and his wife the care taking role. The public sector employed 13.6 percent of the work force (21.8 million) in 2004. Females accounted for 20.9 percent of public sector employment, 17.2 percent of non-agricultural, and 44.6 percent of agricultural employment. In 2004 the unemployment rate was 10.3 percent countrywide (F: 9.7, M: 10.5), and significantly higher in urban areas (F: 17.9, M: 12.5) compared to rural areas (F: 3.2, M: 7.3), especially in the case of women. The high unemployment/low employment rates recorded in urban areas reflect the lingering effects of the economic crises in 2000 and 2001, which had a huge toll in the labour market (see Tunali et al., 2003). Although the economy rebounded in 2002 and grew at an average annual rate of 7.5 percent over the 2002-04 period, the recovery has not produced job growth. There is evidence that the length of the work week increased during this time, and reached a record 50.7 hours in 2003 in the case of regular wage and salary earners (F: 47, M: 51.7). A marked increase in informal employment arrangements has been another consequence. In 2004, 20.9 percent of all regular wage and salary workers, and 34 percent of the non-agricultural work force were outside the coverage of the social security system. |
» | Turkiye - Household Labour Force Survey 2003 |