From the time it attained city status, Kampala’s population has been increasing. This has led to the rapid expansion of the city from the originally known seven hills to wetlands and valleys in a bid to accommodate the population. There is massive encroachment on wetlands and green belts for establishment of settlements and factories. Further more, Kampala’s position as the commercial and political seat of Uganda has influenced people to migrate from rural areas to the city in search of employment and ‘better standards of living’. There is thus need to extend social services and sustainable development initiatives in the rural areas to curb rural to urban migration. This paper explores the impact of population growth on the health of ecosystems and biodiversity. The paper also emphasises wise use of ecosystems while maintaining their ecological character.