By means of a case study in Mbarara District in southwest Uganda, this chapter analyzes the social-security functions of land for poor rural households. The results show that under the combined influence of population growth, market integration, national land-reform policies and land degradation, the socialsecurity functions of land in Mbarara District are eroding. This process is disadvantageous for poorer households and those totally dependent on agriculture for survival. Households headed by widows, divorced or single women are more likely to suffer as a result of the eroding social-security function of land than male-headed households. This has implications for the land-reform policies in Uganda that insufficiently reflect the realities found at grassroots level.