Maharashtra is economically among the most developed states in the country, but it is not counted among the advanced states in India in terms of agricultural production, though most of the state’s workforce still depends on agriculture. During the last four decades, the agricultural sector of Maharashtra has undergone lot of changes. Though agricultural performance improved during the last forty years, its progress was not sustained and showed wide fluctuations. The important characteristics of Maharashtra agriculture is the instability in crop production and significant regional variations in the performance of agriculture in the state. The recent farmer suicides in Vidarbha and Marathawada have once again highlighted regional disparity in Maharashtra. Marathawada and Vidarbha with weak industrial sectors has been most underdeveloped region in the state over the years. An attempt has been made in this paper to analyse and understand the differential agricultural growth pattern experienced in Maharashtra, and identify underlying reasons for appropriate policy interventions.