Background: HIV prevalence time trends vary in sub-Saharan African countries. In the present study, we studied time trends and regional differences in the prevalence of HIV infection among women attending antenatal care clinics (ANC) in 7 sites located in 2 provinces in Cameroon.

Methodology: As part of ANC, 16,626 women consented to HIV testing from 2000 to 2006. Sociodemographic and risk factor information was collected during the initial 3 years of the study. This information was aggregated within sites and used as site-level covariate in multilevel logistic regression analysis.

Results: HIV prevalence decreased significantly in women younger than 20 years from 13% in 2000 to 5% in 2006. Age-specific prevalence varied among the sites, with a peak prevalence occurring more often at a higher age in 2004-2006 versus 2000-2003, suggesting a reduction of HIV incidence over time. There was a substantial heterogeneity across sites in HIV prevalence, which was lower in sites where women had earlier sexual debut and were less well educated.

Conclusions: ANC surveillance indicates a decreasing trend in HIV prevalence in the studied sites in Cameroon. Cultural differences might have accounted for the heterogeneity of HIV infection observed across sites, which call for tailored interventions