This paper uses data on food market intermediation and on consumer behavior and preferences to clarify whether
market-based cash and voucher programs are likely to prove effective for addressing food insecurity in rural and urban
study sites in Kenya. The findings carry important implications for food security interventions by government and
operational agencies. We find that context matters when undertaking a response analysis. Markets in surveyed urban
settlements can respond better to a much larger injection of cash or vouchers than the surveyed rural areas can. Moreover,
household vulnerabilities are associated with household preferences in different ways across the two sites. In rural areas,
female headed households and households reporting a physical limit to market access strongly preferred food aid to cash
or vouchers while in urban areas, households with these characteristics preferred the flexibility of cash or vouchers to
food.