The Government of Lao P.D.R. aims at a rapid reduction in shifting cultivation through land allocation, the promotion of permanent types of land-use, and through socioeconomic development. This policy may be justifiable considering the social, environmental and production problems associated with shifting cultivation in most of the country. However, the development efforts are constrained by the mountainous topography, the undeveloped infrastructure, the limited market demands and processing facilities, the poverty of most shifting cultivators and by the lack of a suitable extension system. Many technical recommendations are not suited or adequately modified to the highly heterogeneous environment, socio-economic conditions and land-use potentials in the shifting cultivation areas. Development plans and their execution will therefore need to be flexible and diversified, and will often require further testing and analysis, preferably involving farmers and local extension staff. The success of these efforts will also depend on social progress, especially in improved education, slower population growth and opportunities for nonagricultural occupation.