Based on research with Bond’s Chinese Values Survey (CVS) across 23 countries, Hofstede
added a fifth dimension, Long- versus Short-Term Orientation (LTO), to his earlier four IBM-based
dimensions of national cultures. The authors attempted to replicate this dimension by analyzing
World Values Survey (WVS) items that seemed to capture the concept of LTO. Their factor
analysis of 10 such items across 38 countries resulted in two factors. One was strongly correlated
with the original LTO, whereas the other resembled Hofstede’s individualism dimension. The
first factor’s nomological network was identical to that of the CVS-based LTO: It predicted
national economic growth and national school success in mathematics. These findings show that
a dimension very similar to the original LTO can be derived from the WVS and that Chinese and
Western research instruments can produce similar dimensions of culture.