The purpose of our article is to represent a general approach to the problems of the real social integration of Estonian society, and to focus on the problem of identity before and after Estonia’s integration in the European Union. We understand European identity as a social construct. We examined empirically attitudes of the urban population of Estonia towards accession to the EU. The progression towards a European identity among pro-EUaccession and anti-EU-accession Estonians together with the progression of the very significant Russian minority group was under detailed observation in the analysis. Data were gathered some months before the EU referendum held on 14th of September 2003. New data were gathered during the Estonian-Russian Border Treaty discussion period in May and September 2005. The most important finding: European enlargement has influenced the self-definition of Estonian people. The transition to EU status will give an opportunity to re-define “Europeanness” from the viewpoint of new European identity components (e.g., the shared sameness of people belonging to the same group, with a common narrative and broadly matching cultural attitudes, beliefs and values) incorporated into Estonian identity.