In the paper is presented the comparative analysis of macroeconomic indicators of six regions of the Russian Federation neighboring with six countries of the New European Union (EU). The basic line of investigation: Interregional comparisons of gross regional products (GRP) by production and by final use; Estimation of regional net export; Evaluations of finance flows in the system “region – national economy – global economy”, including outflows from regions to abroad of Russia; Differentiation of regions by GRP per capita and the econometric analysis of the differentiation factors; Changes of GRP in 1996-2001 (divergence or convergence?). Comparison GRP of Russian regions and GDP of neighboring EC countries (in accordance with methodology of international comparisons) is carried out for the first time. The following tasks of research are formulated.