Human survival probability and fertility decline strongly with age. These life history traits have been shaped by
evolution. However, research has failed to uncover a consistent genetic determination of variation in survival and fertility.
As an explanation, such genetic determinants have been selected in adverse environments, in which humans have lived
during most of their history, but are almost exclusively studied in populations in modern affluent environments. Here, we
present a large‐scale candidate gene association study in a rural African population living in an adverse environment. In
4387 individuals, we studied 4052 SNPs in 148 genes that have previously been identified as possible determinants of
survival or fertility in animals or humans. We studied their associations with survival comparing newborns, middle‐age
adults, and old individuals. In women, we assessed their associations with reported and observed numbers of children. We
found no statistically significant associations of these SNPs with survival between the three age groups nor with women’s
reported and observed fertility. Population stratification was unlikely to explain these results. Apart from a lack of power,
we hypothesise that genetic heterogeneity of complex phenotypes and gene ‐environment interactions prevent the
identification of genetic variants explaining variation in survival and fertility in humans.