Efforts to tackle discrimination in access to basic services have shown mixed results in
different country settings. This study examines the positive and negative outcomes attributed to
anti-discrimination measures adopted in different country contexts and analyses the factors
contributing to these outcomes, with a specific focus on anti-discrimination measures in education.
An analysis of trends in inequalities in human development is used to identify three countries that
have seen positive change in reducing inequalities and three countries that have seen negative
change. This is followed by a literature review exploring the factors that have contributed to the
changes observed in these six cases. We find that reductions in inequalities have been achieved in
those countries where targeted measures have gone alongside universal measures, where the
constitution is used to generate an equity-focused political discourse, and where evidence on
exclusion from education has been taken up politically.