The multi-faceted aspects of natural resources governance underscore
the complex nature of the subject. The intricacies associated with the skewed
power relations between those who allocate these resources (land, in this
case) and those who access and use them vis à vis environmental conservation
make the subject a daunting one. Based on preliminary field observations
and farmers’ opinions on soil health conditions in the Okavango Delta,
the paper assesses the nutrient status of selected farmers’ fields and how the
smallholders and government respond to this peculiar ecological environment.
It specifically analyses small farmers’ perceptions on the political ecology of soil
management in the area. We used a multi-stage sampling procedure to sample
228 smallholder farmers. The smallholders were interviewed using interview
schedules. Key informant interviews were used to collect qualitative data from
farmers as well. Thirty-three (33) composite soil samples were collected from
30 farmers’ plots in three farming communities (Makalamabedi, Nokaneng
and Mohembo). Laboratory analysis shows that most soils in the wetland
and its dryland surroundings are generally acidic, low in essential nutients as
well as in cation-exchange-capacity (CEC). However, the results of a one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) conducted shows significant differences in soil
nutrient levels in different locations within the Delta. While farming remains
an important livelihood of rural communities, policies on natural resource
governance particularly along the river channels delimit local farmers’ ability
to engage in meaningful soil fertility management. The low CEC of the soils is
an indication that holistic cultural practices, which are beyond mere chemical
fertilizations are critical and more desirable for improved soil health and
sustainable rural livelihoods in the Delta.