Global commitments by 2015 include the Millennium Development Goals, elimination of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and having 15 million persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART); in this context, the major question facing the global AIDS response is how best to use ART for individual health as well as the public health. Recognition of the HIV prevention benefit of ART has stimulated calls for earlier and more widespread ART globally, with the 96% efficacy in reducing sexual transmission demonstrated in the landmark HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 [1] study often quoted. Earlier in 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued consolidated ART guidelines that recommend initiation of ART at a CD4 count of ≤500 cells/µL [2], and many expect global guidelines to eventually recommend ART for all persons living with HIV, irrespective of the absence of data from randomized clinical trials [3].