The long-term effects of early-life health shocks on later-life human capital are well-documented, but the reasons why men and women often respond differently to these shocks are less well-studied. In this paper, I document that exposure to pollution in the second trimester of gestation leads to significantly lower cognitive ability in adulthood for both men and women. For women only, however, this shock to cognitive ability also leads to lower high school completion and income. I show that the gender difference in schooling responses is driven by two labor market features: (1) the higher female tendency to choose the white-collar sector, and (2) the higher degree of complementarity between schooling and ability in the white-collar wage function. I verify the latter by structurally estimating these sector-specific cross-partials using a dynamic discrete choice model.