Objective To compare immunization coverage and equity distribution of coverage between 2001 and 2014 in Nepal.
Methods We used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in 2001, 2006 and 2011 together with data from the 2014
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. We calculated the proportion, in mean percentage, of children who had received bacille Calmette–Guérin
(BCG) vaccine, three doses of polio vaccine, three doses of diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus (DPT) vaccine and measles vaccine. To measure
inequities between wealth quintiles, we calculated the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) for all surveys.
Findings From 2001 to 2014, the proportion of children who received all vaccines at the age of 12 months increased from 68.8% (95%
confidence interval, CI: 67.5–70.1) to 82.4% (95% CI: 80.7–84.0). While coverage of BCG, DPT and measles immunization statistically increased
during the study period, the proportion of children who received the third dose of polio vaccine decreased from 93.3% (95% CI: 92.7–93.9)
to 88.1% (95% CI: 86.8–89.3). The poorest wealth quintile showed the greatest improvement in immunization coverage, from 58% to 77.9%,
while the wealthiest quintile only improved from 84.8% to 86.0%. The SII for children who received all vaccines improved from 0.070 (95%
CI: 0.061–0.078) to 0.026 (95% CI: 0.013–0.039) and RII improved from 1.13 to 1.03.
Conclusion The improvement in immunization coverage between 2001 and 2014 in Nepal can mainly be attributed to the interventions
targeting the disadvantaged populations.