In Europe, legal parent-child family reunifications are regulated by policies specifying the
eligibility criteria that migrant parents must fulfill – two of the general conditions is having a
long-term residence permit and fulfilling standardized income requirements. The emergence
of transnational families – border crossing family arrangements – is often blamed on the
conditions set by immigration countries. On the other hand, qualitative studies in the West
African context indicate that transnational family life can be a strategic choice, arguing that
West African family practices, such as fostering, are compatible with transnational family life
and that parent’s preferences for the child to be brought up in the country of origin is one
driver behind separation. Taking the case of Ghanaian migrant parents in the UK and
Netherlands, the aim of this study is to explore what factors are associated with if and where
parent-child reunification takes place – in the immigration country or the country of origin,
with a focus on the interplay between family reunification policies, migrant family
practices/norms and gender. The research question is: Do the policies that frame family
reunification in the UK and Netherlands determine whether and where parent-child
reunification takes place? And, how is the outcome affected by Ghanaian family
practices/norms and gender?
The analysis is made using binomial logistic regression on a selection of 167 current and
return migrant parents from the MAFE-Ghana data, collected in 2009.
The results indicate that having a high occupational status has a positive effect on
reunification in any location, while a long-term legal status only increases the likelihood of
reunification in the immigration country. Indicators for family status show mixed results;
while having a partner in the UK or Netherlands has a gendered positive effect on the
likelihood of reunification in Europe, it also tends to prolong parent-child separation for
migrants who do not reunify in Europe. Against expectations, the availability of alternative
caregivers in Ghana does not impact the outcome in any direction and no significant
difference is found between the likelihood of reunification in the UK or Netherlands. The
findings do not support the notion that transnational family life is a strategy for Ghanaian
migrant parents; the conclusion is that policies strongly influence whether and where
transnational parent-child separation ends.