Type | Journal Article - Science International (Lahore) |
Title | Estimation of fluoride in drinking water in selected areas of Southern Lahore, Pakistan (a case study) |
Author(s) | |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 1 |
Publication (Day/Month/Year) | 2016 |
Page numbers | 391-395 |
URL | http://www.sci-int.com/pdf/19799185861 a 391- 395 Amir Farooq--CE--UOL--27-11-15 COMPOSED.pdf |
Abstract | The study investigated the level of fluoride contamination in drinking water sources developed both by Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) and privately by public. Fifty (50) water samples were collected from all four ports of the village during winter 2013. NOVA-60 Spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration. Apart from fluoride other parameter investigated in this study included pH, electrical conductivity and turbidity. The study indicated that 34 percent water samples collected from shallower depths in privately developed sources had fluoride concentrations in excess of limit set by National Standards for Drinking Water Quality(NSDWQ).The both sources of public water supply schemes, installed at depth of 400 feet, indicated concentration of fluoride well below the prescribed limits of 1.5 mg/l. However, the water samples collected form houses served by same safe sources had contamination of fluoride. The study indicated presence of fluoride rich top layer of soil, surface ponding of polluted water in street, existing large wastewater pond in western side of village, leaked /broken water supply lines and suction of contaminated water under negative pressure developed in water supply pipes due to long intervals of 16-18 hours of power failure as cause of this type of contamination. In most of the sample collected from study area, the parameters namely turbidity, pH and Electrical conductivity exhibited positive relation with fluoride. The study recommended the need of initiation of water quality surveillance and epidemiological study in area regarding health impacts of fluoride in village. Further detailed investigations on the effects of stagnated wastewater pond on a large area at periphery of village and its impacts with reference to concentration of fluoride at shallower depth were also deemed necessary in the study. |
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