This paper is a contribution to understanding income generation and inequality in India's agricultural
sector. We analyse the National Sample Surveys of agriculture in 2003 and 2013 using descriptive,
decomposition, and modelling tools, and estimate income inequality in the agricultural sector at the
scale of the nation and its 17 largest states. We show that: (a) income inequality in India's agricultural
sector is very high (Gini Coefficient of around 0.6 during the period), (b) about half of the income
inequality is explained by the household-level variance in income from cultivation, which in turn is
primarily dependent on variance in landownership, and (c) there are significant state-level differences
in the structures/patterns of income generation from agriculture. These findings are important for two
principal reasons. First, these measurements of inequality challenge the widely-held belief-based on
consumption rather than income data-that India is a low-inequality country. Second, these findings
reinforce the idea that the extreme fragmentation of agricultural land is the root cause of poverty in
India, and the fact that the fragmentation continues to grow more intense is the singular challenge of
Indian development.