Vietnam in general and Hanoi in particular, have experienced rapid urbanization due to economic reforms and open door policies in the last two decades. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the observed and projected urban land changes (i.e., changes from non-built-up to built-up lands) between 1989 and 2030, as well as to understand the driving forces of urban development in Hanoi Metropolitan Area (Metro Hanoi). Their implications for Metro Hanoi’s future sustainable development are also discussed. History reveals that the urban development of Metro Hanoi is closely related to feudal dynasties and political status of Vietnam. The observed urban land changes show that Metro Hanoi has undergone rapid urbanization over the past two decades. This rapid urbanization was mainly driven by economic development, urban planning, population growth, and urban policies. While urbanization has produced positive economic outcomes, serious problems have since emerged. The detected spatiotemporal patterns of the observed and simulated urban land changes can be used to assist strategic urban planning in Metro Hanoi.