This article examines how ethnic minority Hmong farmers have adapted to, circumnavigated, or resisted statesponsored
agrarian change and other interventions in the northern Vietnam uplands over the past twenty years.
Based on longitudinal research with Hmong informants, I examine to what extent their livelihood strategies
have led to wealth creation or differentiation. The article highlights the most important transformations,
as farmers conceive and voice them, to Hmong agrarian livelihoods over this period, the importance of
longitudinal fieldwork to help unravel endogenous wealth definitions, and the complex impacts of state
interventions on ethnic minority ways of making a living.