This study was commissioned by WaterAid to explore the reasons behind nonfunctionality
of distribution points in central Tanzania. The research was initiated
after a water point survey revealed average functionality rates among public
distribution points of just 45%. Similarly low rates of functionality haunt
development practitioners the world over, despite the use of technologies and
social strategies purported to increase sustainability.
To explore the causes of non-functionality of distribution points, a purposive survey
was undertaken covering 38 villages in six different districts in Dodoma and
Singida regions. It captured both quantitative and qualitative data. A range of
aspects were examined: technological, management, demand and socio-economic
status across a range of hydro-geological and policy environments. Results showed
poor financial management was the primary correlate of non-functionality.
Therefore the main elements of financial management are explored in detail in the
rest of the report.
The key findings are as follows. Revenue collection was weak in the majority of
villages, improved by the introduction of a private operator. The report emphasises
the need for pricing based on achieving full cost-recovery; an aim found not to be
entirely unrealistic. Simplicity in management structures is recommended. Flat-rate
contributions and a punitive bond are highlighted as important elements of the
private operator’s contract. There is currently an absence of regulation at the
village level, a role that could usefully be performed by district WAMMA teams. The
on-going use of alternative sources is found to undermine cost recovery, but also
highlights the priority given by users to water softness. Orthodoxy surrounding
concepts of ownership and participation are challenged, inviting a re-examination
of the responsibilities of implementing agencies and donors in achieving
sustainability.