Increasing income and urbanization are triggering a rapid change in food consumption patterns in India. This report assesses India’s changing food consumption patterns and their implications on future food and water demand. According to the projections made in this study, the total calorie supply would continue to increase, but the dominance of food grains in the consumption basket is likely to decrease by 2050, and the consumption of non-grain crops and animal products would increase to provide a major part of the daily calorie supply. Although, the total food grain demand will decrease, the total grain demand is likely to increase with the increasing feed demand for the livestock. The implications of the changing consumption patterns are assessed through consumptive water use (CWU) under the assumptions of full or partial food self-sufficiency. Irrigated crops contributed to 54 percent of the total consumptive water use of the examined crop categories in 2000. The rain-fed portion—the effective rainfall—of the irrigated and rain-fed crops contribute to two-thirds of the CWU. If the growth in water productivity stagnates, the CWU demand exceeds the potentially utilizable water resources. However, a 1.0 percent annual growth in water productivity could eliminate the increase in CWU demand for grains. If the water productivity can be increased by 1.4 percent annually, or to an amount equivalent to doubling it by 2050, then the need for additional CWU can be eliminated