Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment 2009
Bangladesh, 2008 - 2009
Institute of Public Health Nutrition, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations World Food Programme
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Identification
Survey ID Number
BGD_2008_CFSVA_v01_M
Title
Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment 2009
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Bangladesh | BGD |
Study type
Comprehensive Food Security & Vulnerability Analysis [hh/cfsva]
Series Information
The CFSVA process generates a document that describes the food security status of various segments of a population over various parts of a country or region, analyses the underlying causes of vulnerability, and recommends appropriate interventions to deal with the problems. CFSVAs are undertaken in all crisis-prone food-insecure countries. The shelf life of CFSVAs is determined by the indicators being collected and reported. In most situations, CFSVA findings are valid for three to five years, unless there are drastic food security changes in the meantime.
Abstract
Multiple factors contributed to high and volatile food prices in Bangladesh during the 2007/2008 period. A “perfect storm” of international, regional, and national conditions delivered a powerful economic shock to the country's food security. Rising global food and fuel prices, regional trade barriers for food exports from South and Southeast Asia, and efforts to ensure macro-economic stability within Bangladesh, all played important roles as the shock of high food prices reverberated throughout the economy.
These important information and knowledge gaps were the major impetus for UNICEF, WFP and the Institute of Public Health Nutrition to jointly undertake a national Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment of the Situation. The assessment aimed to analyse the current impact of the food price hikes on food security and nutrition and health status through the capture of changes in household food and nutrition security over time in order to suggest response options and recommendations for the short and medium term. More specific objectives pertained to understanding in greater detail, aspects of food security and nutrition, including food markets, household food access and food utilization, nutrition and health, and water and sanitation. The food security component and market analysis were led by WFP and the nutritional component by UNICEF and IPHN.
These important information and knowledge gaps were the major impetus for UNICEF, WFP and the Institute of Public Health Nutrition to jointly undertake a national Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment of the Situation. The assessment aimed to analyse the current impact of the food price hikes on food security and nutrition and health status through the capture of changes in household food and nutrition security over time in order to suggest response options and recommendations for the short and medium term. More specific objectives pertained to understanding in greater detail, aspects of food security and nutrition, including food markets, household food access and food utilization, nutrition and health, and water and sanitation. The food security component and market analysis were led by WFP and the nutritional component by UNICEF and IPHN.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
- Household
- Nutrition
- Trader
- Nutrition
- Trader
Version
Version Date
2012-07-24
Scope
Notes
MACROECONOMIC: Events and developments pertaining to public food stocks, imports, procurement (both domestic and international), and production were examined. Regional trade, including barriers to trade, price trends, and macroeconomic stability.
MARKET: availability of food on local markets, food flows (including volumes and quantities sold), prices (both actual and expected trends), and perceived reasons for price increases. Other topics analyse were profit margins, access to credit, constraints to trade, and the capacity of food markets to respond to increased demand.
HOUSEHOLD: changes in livelihoods and income sources, the effects of inflation on income, changes in wages, salaries and purchasing power, and changes in the “net seller or net buyer status” of agricultural households. The impact of higher food prices on food and non-food expenditures was also examine, as was the impact of other “shocks” and the seasonality and timing of such “shocks”. Extensive analysis was undertaken on household coping strategies and food consumption, using a food consumption score. The score was based on both dietary diversity and the frequency of various foods consumed.
NUTRITION: micronutrient supplementation with Vitamin A post-partum and iron and folate supplementation during pregnancy. Vitamin A capsules and iron and folate tables were shown to the women in order to avoid any misunderstanding.
INFANT and YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES: breastfeeding practices and the introduction of complementary food in time, quantity, and quality (diet diversity). Exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding at one year and two years, proportion of infants 6 to 8 months of age who received solid, semi-solid, or soft foods, minimum meal frequency, minimum diet diversity and minimum acceptable diet.
HEALTH of CHILDREN: Caregivers were asked if the child had been ill during the two weeks prior to the assessment, what illness the child presented with, and if the child had been taken to a health facility. The coverage of Vitamin A supplementation in children from 9 to 59 months was also assessed.
HEALTH: Households were asked if any household member had been ill in the two weeks prior to the assessment, the main cause of illness, and if treatment had been sought outside the house.
MORTALITY: Mortality was assessed using the retrospective household census method. Respondents were asked the following information: number of deaths in the family in the six months prior to the assessment, and how many were children under five years of age; and presumed cause of death.
WATER and SANITATION: Access to safe water sources, types of toilet facilities, treatment of drinking water, use of toilet facility and sharing latrine at household level
MARKET: availability of food on local markets, food flows (including volumes and quantities sold), prices (both actual and expected trends), and perceived reasons for price increases. Other topics analyse were profit margins, access to credit, constraints to trade, and the capacity of food markets to respond to increased demand.
HOUSEHOLD: changes in livelihoods and income sources, the effects of inflation on income, changes in wages, salaries and purchasing power, and changes in the “net seller or net buyer status” of agricultural households. The impact of higher food prices on food and non-food expenditures was also examine, as was the impact of other “shocks” and the seasonality and timing of such “shocks”. Extensive analysis was undertaken on household coping strategies and food consumption, using a food consumption score. The score was based on both dietary diversity and the frequency of various foods consumed.
NUTRITION: micronutrient supplementation with Vitamin A post-partum and iron and folate supplementation during pregnancy. Vitamin A capsules and iron and folate tables were shown to the women in order to avoid any misunderstanding.
INFANT and YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES: breastfeeding practices and the introduction of complementary food in time, quantity, and quality (diet diversity). Exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding at one year and two years, proportion of infants 6 to 8 months of age who received solid, semi-solid, or soft foods, minimum meal frequency, minimum diet diversity and minimum acceptable diet.
HEALTH of CHILDREN: Caregivers were asked if the child had been ill during the two weeks prior to the assessment, what illness the child presented with, and if the child had been taken to a health facility. The coverage of Vitamin A supplementation in children from 9 to 59 months was also assessed.
HEALTH: Households were asked if any household member had been ill in the two weeks prior to the assessment, the main cause of illness, and if treatment had been sought outside the house.
MORTALITY: Mortality was assessed using the retrospective household census method. Respondents were asked the following information: number of deaths in the family in the six months prior to the assessment, and how many were children under five years of age; and presumed cause of death.
WATER and SANITATION: Access to safe water sources, types of toilet facilities, treatment of drinking water, use of toilet facility and sharing latrine at household level
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
National coverage
Universe
The survey covered household heads, women between 15-49 years plus their pre-school children (0-59 months) resident of that household. A household was defined as persons routinely sharing food from the same cooking pot and living in the same compound or physical location or dependent family member living home or abroad.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Institute of Public Health Nutrition | Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh |
| Ministry of Health and Family Welfare | Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh |
| United Nations Children's Fund | United Nations |
| United Nations World Food Programme | United Nations |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations World Food Programme | WFP | Financial support |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
Sampling size estimates were made to ensure that key indicators would be statistically representative at the national, urban, rural, and divisional levels. Sample sizes were calculated with a 0.05 statistical significance (95% confidence interval) for the key indicators. Based on previous surveys, assumptions were made that each household would have an average of one child aged 6 to 59 months of age, a household size of six members and one mother. Prevalence estimates were based on the BDHS 2007 survey, which estimated acute malnutrition at 16 %, stunting at 50%, and an underweight prevalence of 48%.
A two-stage cluster sampling was used, the sample size was increased by a factor that would allow for the design effect; thus, design effects of 1.5% for acute malnutrition and 2% for stunting and underweight were used, and the 5% desired precision was based on the estimated prevalence of the BDHS 2007.
Sample clusters were used as the first-stage sample, and 361 EAs were selected with probability proportional to the EA size. Some of the selected EAs were of a large size. Therefore, EAs having more than 300 households were further segmented and only one segment was selected for the assessment, with probability proportional to the segment size. Thus, a cluster was either an EA or a segment of an EA.
A two-stage cluster sampling was used, the sample size was increased by a factor that would allow for the design effect; thus, design effects of 1.5% for acute malnutrition and 2% for stunting and underweight were used, and the 5% desired precision was based on the estimated prevalence of the BDHS 2007.
Sample clusters were used as the first-stage sample, and 361 EAs were selected with probability proportional to the EA size. Some of the selected EAs were of a large size. Therefore, EAs having more than 300 households were further segmented and only one segment was selected for the assessment, with probability proportional to the segment size. Thus, a cluster was either an EA or a segment of an EA.
Response Rate
In Barisal and Sylhet response rates were 76.5% and 74% respectively.
Weighting
A household weighting factor was used to correct the weight of each household for the division and urban and area assessments. The factor was also used to estimate the national prevalence, proportional to the weight of each division.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2008-11-11 | 2009-01-19 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Data Collection Notes
Prior to actual data collection, a two-day training session was held, including both classroom training and real life pre-testing with actual traders in the field. This allowed for clarification of questions and procedures and led to some modifications in the finalization of the questionnaire. An interviewer's manual was created that was used as a key reference for the training. The manual covered all aspects of the interviewing and data collection processes, with guidance and tips tailored for specific modules and sections of the questionnaire. Sufficient time was dedicated to reviewing each of the questions on the questionnaire format. Trainers explained to enumerators the importance of completing all questions, and were instructed on how to manage the “no” answer or “no response” situations. The team leader and analyst presented trainees with survey plan. A discussion session followed with questions and answers for clarification. The method, steps, and procedures for selecting traders to be interviewed were thoroughly explained. During the survey field work, supervisors reviewed the completed questionnaires on a regular basis, providing guidance and feedback to the enumerators and ensuring data quality control. Responses that indicated a need for clarification were flagged and then clarified in a timely manner.
Training for assessment team members included five days of classroom instruction and practice and one day of pre-testing of all assessment procedures, including conducting interviews and anthropometric measurement. Emphasis was placed on sampling procedures, understanding of the questionnaire, and for the team leader/supervisor, accuracy of recording as they were given responsibility for this activity. Training of the enumerators included a general presentation on food security and nutrition and their linkages. The individual questions were reviewed through a classroom-based activity on the household questionnaires, the purpose of which was to assess understanding of the questions' rationale and potential possible answers. Anthropometric measurements were reviewed during a one-half day training session. Additionally, training included discussion of each assessment question, practice reading, and role playing. As a part of their training, interviewers assisted in the pre-testing and revision of questionnaire questions in order to ensure clarity and cultural appropriateness.
Training for assessment team members included five days of classroom instruction and practice and one day of pre-testing of all assessment procedures, including conducting interviews and anthropometric measurement. Emphasis was placed on sampling procedures, understanding of the questionnaire, and for the team leader/supervisor, accuracy of recording as they were given responsibility for this activity. Training of the enumerators included a general presentation on food security and nutrition and their linkages. The individual questions were reviewed through a classroom-based activity on the household questionnaires, the purpose of which was to assess understanding of the questions' rationale and potential possible answers. Anthropometric measurements were reviewed during a one-half day training session. Additionally, training included discussion of each assessment question, practice reading, and role playing. As a part of their training, interviewers assisted in the pre-testing and revision of questionnaire questions in order to ensure clarity and cultural appropriateness.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Mitra and Associates | MA |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSES: Events and developments pertaining to public food stocks, imports, procurement (both domestic and international), and production were examined. Regional trade, including barriers to trade, price trends, and macroeconomic stability.
MARKET ANALYSES: An analysis of market performance was conducted using a combination of primary data from the trader's survey and secondary price data. The analysis of the traders survey data focused on numerous topics including the availability of food on local markets, food flows (including volumes and quantities sold), prices (both actual and expected trends), and perceived reasons for price increases. Other topics analyse were profit margins, access to credit, constraints to trade, and the capacity of food markets to respond to increased demand.
HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY: The analysis of the household food security survey data focused on numerous topics including changes in livelihoods and income sources, the effects of inflation on income, changes in wages, salaries and purchasing power, and changes in the “net seller or net buyer status” of agricultural households. The impact of higher food prices on food and non-food expenditures was also examine, as was the impact of other “shocks” and the seasonality and timing of such “shocks”. Extensive analysis was undertaken on household coping strategies and food consumption, using a food consumption score. The score was based on both dietary diversity and the frequency of various foods consumed.
NUTRITION and HEALTH STATUS of WOMEN: Mid-upper arm circumferences were taken from the mothers of children aged from birth to 59 months of age or from pregnant women to measure their nutritional status. Information was also collected regarding micronutrient supplementation with Vitamin A post-partum and iron and folate supplementation during pregnancy. Vitamin A capsules and iron and folate tables were shown to the women in order to avoid any misunderstanding.
INFANT and YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES: Enumerators asked questions regarding infant and young-child feeding practices to all mothers with a child aged from birth to 23 months in the surveyed household. The indicators were related to breastfeeding practices and the introduction of complementary food in time, quantity, and quality (diet diversity). Exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding at one year and two years, proportion of infants 6 to 8 months of age who received solid, semi-solid, or soft foods, minimum meal frequency, minimum diet diversity and minimum acceptable diet.
HEALTH of CHILDREN: Caregivers were asked if the child had been ill during the two weeks prior to the assessment, what illness the child presented with, and if the child had been taken to a health facility. The coverage of Vitamin A supplementation in children from 9 to 59 months was also assessed.
HEALTH of GENERAL POPULATION: Households were asked if any household member had been ill in the two weeks prior to the assessment, the main cause of illness, and if treatment had been sought outside the house.
MORTALITY: Mortality was assessed using the retrospective household census method. Respondents were asked the following information: number of deaths in the family in the six months prior to the assessment, and how many were children under five years of age; and presumed cause of death.
WATER and SANITATION: Access to safe water sources, types of toilet facilities, treatment of drinking water, use of toilet facility and sharing latrine at household level.
All interviews were conducted in Bangla or in a local dialect and data was recorded onto paper questionnaire
All questionnaires and modules are provided as external resources.
MARKET ANALYSES: An analysis of market performance was conducted using a combination of primary data from the trader's survey and secondary price data. The analysis of the traders survey data focused on numerous topics including the availability of food on local markets, food flows (including volumes and quantities sold), prices (both actual and expected trends), and perceived reasons for price increases. Other topics analyse were profit margins, access to credit, constraints to trade, and the capacity of food markets to respond to increased demand.
HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY: The analysis of the household food security survey data focused on numerous topics including changes in livelihoods and income sources, the effects of inflation on income, changes in wages, salaries and purchasing power, and changes in the “net seller or net buyer status” of agricultural households. The impact of higher food prices on food and non-food expenditures was also examine, as was the impact of other “shocks” and the seasonality and timing of such “shocks”. Extensive analysis was undertaken on household coping strategies and food consumption, using a food consumption score. The score was based on both dietary diversity and the frequency of various foods consumed.
NUTRITION and HEALTH STATUS of WOMEN: Mid-upper arm circumferences were taken from the mothers of children aged from birth to 59 months of age or from pregnant women to measure their nutritional status. Information was also collected regarding micronutrient supplementation with Vitamin A post-partum and iron and folate supplementation during pregnancy. Vitamin A capsules and iron and folate tables were shown to the women in order to avoid any misunderstanding.
INFANT and YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES: Enumerators asked questions regarding infant and young-child feeding practices to all mothers with a child aged from birth to 23 months in the surveyed household. The indicators were related to breastfeeding practices and the introduction of complementary food in time, quantity, and quality (diet diversity). Exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding at one year and two years, proportion of infants 6 to 8 months of age who received solid, semi-solid, or soft foods, minimum meal frequency, minimum diet diversity and minimum acceptable diet.
HEALTH of CHILDREN: Caregivers were asked if the child had been ill during the two weeks prior to the assessment, what illness the child presented with, and if the child had been taken to a health facility. The coverage of Vitamin A supplementation in children from 9 to 59 months was also assessed.
HEALTH of GENERAL POPULATION: Households were asked if any household member had been ill in the two weeks prior to the assessment, the main cause of illness, and if treatment had been sought outside the house.
MORTALITY: Mortality was assessed using the retrospective household census method. Respondents were asked the following information: number of deaths in the family in the six months prior to the assessment, and how many were children under five years of age; and presumed cause of death.
WATER and SANITATION: Access to safe water sources, types of toilet facilities, treatment of drinking water, use of toilet facility and sharing latrine at household level.
All interviews were conducted in Bangla or in a local dialect and data was recorded onto paper questionnaire
All questionnaires and modules are provided as external resources.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Following the field data collection period from November 2008 to January 2009, Mitra and Associates carried out data entry in February 2009.
Other Processing
Data analysis was undertaken by WFP and UNICEF utilizing two separate software systems: ANTHRO 2005 for the anthropometric data and SPSS 16 for the food security, market, health, additional nutrition variables, and water and sanitation data.
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping | World Food Programme | wfp.vaminfo@wfp.org | http://www.wfp.org/food-security |
Citation requirements
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Exemple:
World Food Programme. Bangladesh Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment 2009. Ref. BGD_2008_CFSVA_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from http://nada.vam.wfp.org/index.php/catalog on [date].
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Exemple:
World Food Programme. Bangladesh Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment 2009. Ref. BGD_2008_CFSVA_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from http://nada.vam.wfp.org/index.php/catalog on [date].
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_BGD_2008_CFSVA_v01_M
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Souleika Abdillahi | SA | WFP | Data Archivist |
| World Bank, Development Data Group | DECDG | The World Bank | Reviewed the DDI |
Date of Metadata Production
2012-07-24
DDI Document version
Version 02 (February 2014). Edited version, the initial version (Version 01 - July 2012, DDI-BGD-WFP-CFSVA-2008-v1.0) DDI was done by Souleika Abdillahi (WFP).
Following DDI elements are edited, DDI ID, Study ID, Title, Abbreviation, Data Processing and Data Collectors. External resources (questionnaires and report) are attached to the DDI.
Following DDI elements are edited, DDI ID, Study ID, Title, Abbreviation, Data Processing and Data Collectors. External resources (questionnaires and report) are attached to the DDI.