Background: Given the importance of CD4-T-lymphocyte monitoring in HIV/ART management, we established CD4/CD8 reference ranges in Uganda and studied factors associated with CD4/CD8 in a normal population.

Methods: Blood samples for 206 HIV seronegative healthy volunteers from the Mbarara and Kampala districts in Uganda were analyzed using the PanLeucogating protocol.

Results: The reference ranges reported include data from 172 participants with no current or serious recent health problems. The 95% reference ranges for absolute CD4 (ACD4) count was 418–2105 cells/µL, 256–1619 for absolute CD8 count, and 0.52–4.1 for CD4/CD8 cell ratio, which is wider than the reference ranges currently used in Uganda. Recent illnesses/medications and socio-demographic factors affected the CD4-T-lymphocyte count.

Conclusion: The CD4 reference ranges in Uganda were established using a cost-effective method, recommended and available in resource-limited settings. Effect of prevalent infections and socio-demographic differences on CD4-T-lymphocyte levels would need consideration in HIV/ART clinical management.