LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.

Construction of houses

Table 2.

Type of house construction and literacy of household head

Table 3.

Number of household members used government health services in the last month

Table 4.

Area of residence and use of government health services in the last month

Table 5.

Type of house construction and use of government health services in last month

Table 6a.

Literacy of household head and use of government health services in the last month (all areas)

Table 6b.

Literacy of household head and use of government health services in the last month (urban areas)

Table 7.

Distance to government health facility and use of government health services in the last month

Table 8.

Types of non-government health service used in the last month

Table 9.

Types of non-government health service used locally, as mentioned in community focus groups

Table 10.

Reasons for visiting government and non-government health services during the last month

Table 11.

Type of government health facility visited during the last month(among those who visited any)

Table 12.

Reported availability of required medicines in visits to government health facilities

Table 13.

Sources of medicines not available from government health facilities

Table 14.

Mean payment for different items to government health facilities and proportion of people paying for these items

Table 15.

Opinions about government health services

Table 16.

Perceived problems with government health services

Table 17.

Suggestions from households for improving government health services

Table 18.

Willingness to pay for improved government health services and use of services in the last month

Table 19.

Preferred sources of health information mentioned by focus groups

Table 20.

Farmer as household head in different areas

Table 21.

Average land holdings in ropani

Table 22.

Contacts with agriculture/livestock services

Table 23.

Type of house and visits from government agriculture/livestock extension worker

Table 24.

Type of house and visits from non-government agriculture/livestock extension worker

Table 25.

Presence of full number of JT/JTAs in agriculture centre and household visits by JT/JTAs

Table 26.

Distance of agriculture centre from community and household visits to centre

Table 27.

Distance of agriculture centre from community and visits of JT/JTAs to households

Table 28.

Payments for agriculture/livestock services, among service users who paid anything

Table 29.

Payments for agriculture/livestock services, by recipient and item

Table 30.

Overall opinions about agriculture and livestock services

Table 31.

Visits by extension workers and opinion of agriculture service

Table 32.

Visits by extension workers and opinion of livestock service

Table 33.

Problems with agriculture and livestock services

Table 34.

Suggestions for improving agriculture and livestock services

Table 35.

Body who should be responsible for improving agriculture/livestock services

Table 36.

Amounts households are willing to pay for advice on different aspects of agriculture

Table 37.

Visits by government extension workers and willingness to pay for improved service

Table 38.

Area of land held and willingness to pay for improved agricultural services

Table 39.

Agricultural loan applications to different lenders

Table 40.

Success of agricultural loan applications to different lenders

Table 41.

Type of house and applying for an agricultural loan

Table 42.

Visit of JT/JTA and applying for an agricultural loan

Table 43.

Visit of non-government extension worker and applying for an agricultural loan

Table 44.

Proportion of households buying various inputs for agriculture and livestock and their availability

Table 45.

Sources of different materials for agriculture and livestock

Table 46.

Advice received when buying pesticides

Table 47.

Households sources of information about government services available locally

Table 48.

Access to basic services and perceptions of quality of services available

Table 49.

DDCC and LDO perceptions of quality of basic government services in their area

Table 50.

Main difficulties in providing services mentioned by DDCC and VDCC

Table 51.

Household perceptions of activities of VDCs

Table 52.

VDC chairmen perceptions of activities of VDCs

Table 53.

Household suggestions for activities that should be carried out by VDCS

Table 54.

Household reports of ways in which they help VDC activities

Table 55.

Types of support reported by VDC and DDC chairmen

Table 56.

Opinions about support received by DDCs and VDCs

Table 57.

Services supported by central government and services needing further support, by DDCC

Table 58.

Services supported by DDCs and services needing further support, in view of VDC chairmen

Table 59.

Opinions of LDOs and DDC chairmen about coordination of line departments in districts

Table 60.

Information needed by VDCs for planning purposes, in view of VDC chairmen

Table 61.

Information sources for planning, as used by LDOs and VDC chairmen

DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations:

95% CI 95% Confidence Interval

AHW 

Auxiliary Health Worker

ANM 

Assistant Nurse Midwife

CBS 

Central Bureau of Statistics

CEDAW 

Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women

FCHV 

Female Community Health Worker

CRC 

Convention on the Rights of the Child

JT 

Junior Technician

JTA 

Junior Technical Assistant

NMIS 

Nepal Multiple Indicator Surveillance

NPC 

National Planning Commission

OR 

Odds Ratio: one way of estimating Relative Risk (see below)

Ropani 

Measurement of land area

SMS 

Subject Matter Specialist

TBA 

Traditional birth attendant

WCHW 

Women and Child Health Worker

VHW 

Village Health Worker

UNICEF 

United Nations Children Fund

 

Statistical and epidemiological terms

This report is deliberately written avoiding too many specialised statistical and epidemiological terms. However, some are unavoidable. A brief explanation of the main terms used in the report is given here; readers who are interested in more detailed explanations could refer to a textbook on modern epidemiological methods.

95% confidence interval:
A measure of the accuracy of an estimate, based on the normal distribution curve. The true
value is 95% likely to lie between the upper and lower values of the 95% confidence interval.

Standard Deviation:
A measure of the spread of the distribution of a variable, based on the normal distribution curve. 99% of the population will have values within +/- two standard deviations from the mean value of the variable.

Odds Ratio:
One way of estimating Relative Risk. In a 2X2 table, with cells a,b,c,d, the Odds Ratio is calculated by ad/bc.

Relative Risk:
The risk in one group compared with another group (for example the risk of stunting in girls compared with the risk of stunting in boys). When the actual rates in each group are known (for example, the total number and the number with stunting), the relative risk can be estimated either by the Odds Ratio or by the Rate Ratio (the rate in one group divided by the rate in the other group). In a case-referent study, only the Odds Ratio can be calculated. For relatively rare conditions, the two estimates of Relative Risk give a similar answer. There is discussion about which estimate of Relative Risk it is better to use. For further details, a textbook of modern epidemiology should be consulted. In SCS methodology, the Odds Ratio is used as the estimate of Relative Risk.

The Relative Risk or Odds Ratio gives an idea of the risk for an individual in one group compared with an individual in another group (for example, a child of a literate mother compared with a child of an illiterate mother). It is therefore most useful when making decisions about the most benefit for an individual child (such as those taken by a mother for her child).

Risk Difference:
The risk in one group minus the risk in another group (for example the risk in children of illiterate mothers minus the risk in children of literate mothers). The risk difference can only be calculated when the rates in both groups are known.

The Risk Difference gives an idea of the risk for a group and how this could be changed by an action. It is most useful for planners who are considering how many children could benefit from an intervention.

 


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