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Water and Sanitation Impact Evaluation 2015-2019
Baseline and Endline Survey

Kenya, 2015 - 2019
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Reference ID
KEN_2015-2019_WASHIE_v01_M
Producer(s)
Aidan Coville, Sebastian Galiani, Paul Gertler
Metadata
Documentation in PDF DDI/XML JSON
Study website
Created on
Sep 03, 2025
Last modified
Sep 03, 2025
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Data file: property_owner_end.dta

Property owner survey endline dataset

Cases: 589
Variables: 181

Variables

acc_no_m
Account number (masked)
survey_type
Survey type
resp_ll
Respondent is landlord
resp_other
Relationship with landlord
resp_avail
Landlord available to talk
compound_type
Compound type
gender
Gender
age
Age
eductn
Highest level of completed education
occupation
Primary occupation
ethnic_group
Ethnic group
plot_owner
Sole owner of compound
co_own
Number of co-owners
own_share
Ownership share
own_docs_1
Ownerhship docs: Title deed
own_docs_2
Ownerhship docs: Municipal (allotment) letter
own_docs_3
Ownerhship docs: Letter from the chief
own_docs_4
Ownerhship docs: No documentation
own_docs_5
Ownerhship docs: Share certificate
own_docs__888
Ownerhship docs: Other
own_duration_yrs
Ownership duration: Years
own_duration_months
Ownership duration: Months
own_acquire
Ownership acquired
own_acquire_purchase
Paid off fully
mortgage_bal
Mortgage balance
cpd_value
Compound value
prim_reside
Compound is primary residence
reside_duration
Months resided in compound in the past 12 months
dwellings
Compound has rental dwellings
dwellings_no
Number of rental dwellings
paying_tenants
Number of paying tenants
paying_tenants_lastmonth
Paying tenants in last month
rent_income_lastmonth
Rental income received last month
rent_income_fail
Tenants failed to pay rent last month
number_of_hh
Number of tenants failed to pay rent last month
rent_income_fail_total
Value of non-paid rentals last month
rent_income_proportion
Percentage of total income from this property rental
collect_rent
Who collects rent
rent_change
Increased or decreased rents in this compound in the last 6 months
decreased_why
Reasons decreased your rent
repair_contact
Repair contact
electr_connection
Connected to electricity grid
electr_connection_work
Connected to electricity grid is in working condition
electr_pay
Who pays electricity for the compound
electr_bill
Monthly electricity bill
water_connect
Connected to piped water
water_connect_work
Connected to piped water is currently working
water_pay
Who pays for the water
water_bill_usual
Monthly water bill
sewer_connect
Connected to the sewerage system
sewer_connect_why_1
Why connected: It’s cheaper than current sanitation costs in the long run
sewer_connect_why_2
Why connected: To provide a healthier environment for tenants
sewer_connect_why_3
Why connected: To provide increased convenience for tenants
sewer_connect_why_4
Why connected: It is a requirement by County Government
sewer_connect_why_5
Why connected: It is the only available option
sewer_connect_why_6
Why connected: I can receive better rental income
sewer_connect_why_7
Why connected: To attract better tenants
sewer_connect_why_8
Why connected: To reduce tenant turnover rates
sewer_connect_why_9
Why connected: Increase value of compound
sewer_connect_why__888
Why connected: Other
sewer_connect_whynot_1
Why not connected: I cannot afford the upfront costs
sewer_connect_whynot_2
Why not connected: It is not worth the additional costs
sewer_connect_whynot_3
Why not connected: Current sanitation facilities are sufficient
sewer_connect_whynot_4
Why not connected: No water connection
sewer_connect_whynot_5
Why not connected: The connection will be of poor quality
sewer_connect_whynot_6
Why not connected: The connection will take too long to receive
sewer_connect_whynot_7
Why not connected: I do not trust the water and sewerage company
sewer_connect_whynot_8
Why not connected: Maintenance will be too costly
sewer_connect_whynot_9
Why not connected: The compound was disconnected by NCWSC
sewer_connect_whynot__888
Why not connected: Other
tenant_interact
How often speaks with tenants
tenant_migrate
Number of tenants moved out in the last 6 months
stayduration_yrs
Tenant stay duration: Years
stayduration_months
Tenant stay duration: Months
rent_time
Tenants pay their rent on time
cmpd_condition
Tenants keep the compound in a good condition
cmpd_improve
Tenants request improvements in the compound
cmpd_complain
Tenants complain about conditions in the compound
new_tenant_consider_1
New tenant: Amount of deposit provided
new_tenant_consider_2
New tenant: Proof of income sources able to cover rent
new_tenant_consider_3
New tenant: Friend or family member
new_tenant_consider_4
New tenant: Good references
new_tenant_consider_5
New tenant: Nice person/people
new_tenant_consider_6
New tenant: Prominent member(s) of the community
new_tenant_consider_7
New tenant: Number of conditions for lease
new_tenant_consider_8
New tenant: Willingness to take a longer lease
new_tenant_consider_9
New tenant: Good behaviour/ Responsible
new_tenant_consider__888
New tenant: Other
property_own
Properties owned
property_own_inc
Properties receive rental income
rental_incomes_lastmonth
Rental income from all properties last month
rent_incomes_proportion
Percentage of total income from rental income
total_income
Total income last month
ncws_fees
Water and sanitation fees applied by Nairobi Water are fair
disconect
If you don’t pay fees, there is a strong chance of disconnection
approach
The approach Nairobi Water uses to enforce repayments is fair
ncws_sat
I am satisfied with the water and/or sanitation services I receive
govt_comit
The government is interested in improving the living conditions
affordability
Water and sewer fees are affordable
ncw_communicate
Nairobi Water provides clear communication to us
ncws_improv
The water and sanitation services improve people’s lives
govt_no_help
The government is not interested in helping us
wat_san_impro
Water and sanitation services in general helps improve people’s lives
accurate
The water bills are accurate
jisomee_ease
The jisomee mita system is easy to use
tenant_contentment
Tenants appreciate the water and sanitation services provided in my compound
illegal_conections
Illegal connections are common in settlement
illegal_proportion
Proportion of people in settlement have illegal water connnection
nopay_common
Non-payment of water and sanitation bills are common in my settlement
nopay_proportion
Proportion of people in your settlement do you think pay all of their water
sewer_paid
Paid off sewer loan
waterloan_paid
Paid off water loan
loan_balance
Outstanding water/sewer loan balance
days_water_avail
Days in the last week received water
service_improve_1
Improve service: Water Services improvement
service_improve_2
Improve service: Sewer Services improvement
service_improve_3
Improve service: Billing & Payment Services improvement
service_improve_4
Improve service: Customer Services improvement
service_improve__888
Improve service: Other
deposit_pay
Paid an upfront deposit to be connected to the sewer
deposit_amount
Amount paid for an upfront deposit to be connected to the sewer
service_charge
Knows average monthly water and sanitation service charge
service_amount
Average monthly water and sanitation service charge
tenant_discuss
Tenants have ever discussed water and sanitation bills
bill_issue
What tenants discussed about water and sanitation bills
tenant_complain
Tenants ever complained about the water and sewer facilities
tenant_complain_justify
Complaints were justified
source_1
Main source of water used by the members of this compound
run_water
Source has running water at the time of the interview
water_avail_1
Days with water: Monday
water_avail_2
Days with water: Tuesday
water_avail_3
Days with water: Wednesday
water_avail_4
Days with water: Thursday
water_avail_5
Days with water: Friday
water_avail_6
Days with water: Saturday
water_avail_7
Days with water: Sunday
water_avail__999
Days with water: Don't know
hh_sharing_wat
Number of households using this facility
source_1_cpd
Main water source in the compound
water_distance
Time in minutes to collect water from this source
water_pickups
Times in a typical week collect water from this source
water_satisfy
Satisfaction with main water source
source_1_pay
Pay for use of main water source
water_pay_amt
Amount paid for use of main water source
water_unit
Units of measurement
main_fac
Main sanitation facility is within the compound
toilet_distance
Time to walk to the sanitation facility
satisfaction
Satisfaction with your main sanitation facilities
pay_fac
Pay for use of your main sanitation facilities
pay_use
Amount paid for use of your main sanitation facilities per visit
often_pay
How often pay for use of main sanitation facilities per day
num_toil
Number of toilet facilities in compound
type_toil
Main toilet facility currently used
flush_to
Where flush toilet or pour flush is connected to
lat_feat_1
Features: Latrine elevated (built above ground)
lat_feat_2
Features: Foot rests
lat_feat_3
Features: Seat
lat_feat_4
Features: Floor tiles
lat_feat_5
Features: Wall tiles
lat_feat_6
Features: Hole cover
lat_feat_7
Features: Water seal
lat_feat__889
Features: Couldnotobserve
lat_feat__888
Features: Other
super_feat_1
Superstructure: Roof
super_feat_2
Superstructure: Fully enclosed wall
super_feat_3
Superstructure: Partially enclosed wall
super_feat_4
Superstructure: Full door
super_feat_5
Superstructure: Half door
super_feat_6
Superstructure: Lockable door
super_feat_7
Superstructure: Curtain
super_feat__555
Superstructure: No superstructure
super_feat__889
Superstructure: Could not observe
super_feat__888
Superstructure: Other
hand_wash
Handwashing station
water_tank
Water storage tank
shared
Toilet facility is private or shared
hh_sharing
Households that use facility
block_flood
Toilet facility is flooded or blocked
wat_met
Water meter installed
met_work
Water meter in working condition
met_read
Current meter reading
Total: 181
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