Living Conditions Monitoring Survey III 2002-2003
Zambia, 2002 - 2003
Reference ID
ZMB_2002_LCMS-III_v01_M
Producer(s)
Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance and National Planning
Metadata
Created on
Dec 20, 2012
Last modified
Mar 29, 2019
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Identification
Survey ID Number
ZMB_2002_LCMS-III_v01_M
Title
Living Conditions Monitoring Survey III 2002-2003
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Zambia | ZMB |
Study type
Socio-Economic/Monitoring Survey [hh/sems]
Series Information
The Living conditions Monitoring Surveys (LCMS) evolved from the social dimensions of adjustment priority surveys conducted in 1991 (PSI) and 1993 (PSII), by the Central Statistical Office. Since 1991, the country has been utilizing crosss-sectional sample data to monitor the well-being of the Zambian population, as was the case with the 1996 and 1998 LCMS surveys. Ho The aim of the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey III (LCMS III) was to highlight and monitor the living conditions of the Zambian society, monitor the impact of government policies, programmes and donor support on the well being of the Zambian population, monitor poverty and its distribution in zambia, provide various users with a set of reliable indicators against which to monitor development, provide relevant data required for computing province pecific poverty lines and identify vulnerable groups in society and enhance targeting in policy implementation
So far, three Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys have been conducted. These are: -
(i) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I of 1996
(ii) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey II of 1998 and
(iii) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey III of 2002/2003
So far, three Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys have been conducted. These are: -
(i) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I of 1996
(ii) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey II of 1998 and
(iii) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey III of 2002/2003
Abstract
The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey conducted in 2002/2003 was a nation-wide survey. The sample design and sample size used in the survey allow for reliable estimates at province, location (Rural/Urban) and national levels.
The main objectives of the LCMSIII Survey are to:
- Monitor the impact of Government policies, programs and donor support on the well being of the Zambian population
- Monitor and evaluate the implementation of some of the programs envisaged in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
- Monitor poverty and its distribution in Zambia
- Provide various users with a set of reliable indicators against which to monitor development
- Provide province specific poverty profiles using different poverty lines
- Identify vulnerable groups in society and enhance targeting in policy formulation and implementation
- Provide data required for developing new national and province specific weights for the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- Provide data required for estimating Gross Domestic Products? (GDP) household final consumption
The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 2002/2003 collected data on the living conditions of households and persons in the areas of education, health, economic activities and employment, child nutrition, death in the households, income sources, income levels, food production, household consumption expenditure, access to clean and safe water and sanitation, housing and access to various socio-economic facilities and infrastructure such as schools, health facilities, transport, banks, credit facilities, markets, etc.
The main objectives of the LCMSIII Survey are to:
- Monitor the impact of Government policies, programs and donor support on the well being of the Zambian population
- Monitor and evaluate the implementation of some of the programs envisaged in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
- Monitor poverty and its distribution in Zambia
- Provide various users with a set of reliable indicators against which to monitor development
- Provide province specific poverty profiles using different poverty lines
- Identify vulnerable groups in society and enhance targeting in policy formulation and implementation
- Provide data required for developing new national and province specific weights for the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- Provide data required for estimating Gross Domestic Products? (GDP) household final consumption
The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 2002/2003 collected data on the living conditions of households and persons in the areas of education, health, economic activities and employment, child nutrition, death in the households, income sources, income levels, food production, household consumption expenditure, access to clean and safe water and sanitation, housing and access to various socio-economic facilities and infrastructure such as schools, health facilities, transport, banks, credit facilities, markets, etc.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
- Households
- Individuals
- Individuals
Scope
Notes
The scope of the LCMSIII survey in terms of topics covered was to a large extent guided by the ZAMSIF supported User-Producer committee recommendations. As such, the survey only included extended components of agreed upon topics of policy relevance. In broad terms, the survey included: -
(i) A set of core living conditions indicators to be monitored over a period of twelve months and
(ii) The household budget component to be implemented over a period of twelve months.
To achieve the above stated tasks, the LCMSIII main questionnaire was made of two distinct parts.
Part I of the main questionnaire covered the following topics: -
- Demography and migration
- Orphanhood
- Health
- Education
- Current economic activities and labor force
- Child Health Care and Nutrition
- Household amenities and housing conditions
- Household access to facilities
- Household assets
- Self-assessed poverty and household coping strategies, and
- Household food production
Part II of the main questionnaire covered the following topics: -
- Household expenditure
- Household Income
- Household Non-Farm Enterprises, and
- Deaths in the Household
The information on household expenditure and consumption was collected using a diary and then transferred to the main questionnaire part II. In addition to the household questionnaire, the LCMSIII survey also collected community price information using a community price questionnaire. The price data is relevant for adjusting household expenditure data for differences in cost of living both in time and space.
(i) A set of core living conditions indicators to be monitored over a period of twelve months and
(ii) The household budget component to be implemented over a period of twelve months.
To achieve the above stated tasks, the LCMSIII main questionnaire was made of two distinct parts.
Part I of the main questionnaire covered the following topics: -
- Demography and migration
- Orphanhood
- Health
- Education
- Current economic activities and labor force
- Child Health Care and Nutrition
- Household amenities and housing conditions
- Household access to facilities
- Household assets
- Self-assessed poverty and household coping strategies, and
- Household food production
Part II of the main questionnaire covered the following topics: -
- Household expenditure
- Household Income
- Household Non-Farm Enterprises, and
- Deaths in the Household
The information on household expenditure and consumption was collected using a diary and then transferred to the main questionnaire part II. In addition to the household questionnaire, the LCMSIII survey also collected community price information using a community price questionnaire. The price data is relevant for adjusting household expenditure data for differences in cost of living both in time and space.
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
The survey has a nationwide coverage on a sample basis. It covers both rural and urban areas in all the nine provinces. Hence it draws a very big sample size of about 19,600 households.
Universe
The eligible household population consisted of all households.Excluded from the sample were institutional populations in hospitals, boarding schools, colleges, universities, prisons, hotels, refugee camps, orphanages, military camps and bases and diplomats accredited to Zambia in embassies and high commissions. Private households living around these institutions and cooking separately were included such as teachers whose houses are within the premises of a school, doctors and other workers living on or around hospital premises, police living in police camps in separate houses, etc. Persons who were in hospitals, boarding schools, etc. but were usual members of households were included in their respective households. Ordinary workers other than diplomats working in embassies and high commissions were included in the survey also. Others with diplomatic status working in the UN, World Bank etc. were included. Also included were persons or households who live in institutionalized places such as hostels, lodges, etc. but cook separately. The major distinguishing factor between eligible and non eligible households in the survey is the cooking and eating separately versus food provided by an institution in a common/communal dining hall or eating place. The former cases were included while the latter were excluded.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance and National Planning | Government of the Republic of Zambia |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Government of the Republic of Zambia | GRZ | Funding |
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Zambia Social Investment Fund (ZAMSIF) | World Bank & Government of Zambia | Managing survey funds through its Poverty Monitoring and Analysis (PMA) component |
| World Bank | Support | |
| Food and Agriculture Organization | Support |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey III (LCMSIII) was designed to cover 520 Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs) or approximately 10,000 non-institutionalized private households residing in both the rural and urban areas of all the nine provinces in Zambia. The survey was carried out for a period of 12 months using a rolling sample. For the purposes of this survey, a survey reference month had 36 days instead of 30 or 31 days, as is the case with calendar months. This implies that the 360 days in a year were divided into 10 cycles of 36 days each. As a result 52 SEAs, which is one-tenth of the 520 SEAs, were covered every cycle countrywide.
Sample Stratification and Allocation
The sampling frame used for LCMSIII survey was developed from the 2000 census of population and housing. The frame is administratively demarcated into 9 provinces, which are further divided into 72 districts. The districts are further subdivided into 155 constituencies, which are also divided into wards. Wards consist of Census Supervisory Areas (CSA), which in turn embrace Standard Enumeration areas (SEAs). For the purposes of this survey, SEAs constituted the ultimate Primary Sampling Units (PSUs).
In order to have equal precision in the estimates in all the provinces and at the same time take into account variation in the sizes of the provinces, the survey adopted the Square Root sample allocation method, (Lesli Kish, 1987). This approach offers a better compromise between equal and proportional allocation methods in terms of reliability of both combined and separate estimates. The allocation of the sample points (PSUs) to rural and urban strata was almost proportional. The allocated provincial samples were multiples of 10 so as to facilitate the rolling of equal samples during the 10 cycles of data collection.
Sample Selection
The LCMSIII survey employed a two-stage stratified cluster sample design whereby during the first stage, 520 SEAs were selected with Probability Proportional to Estimated Size (PPES). The size measure was taken from the frame developed from the 2000 census of population and housing. During the second stage, households were systematically selected from an enumeration area listing. The survey was designed to provide reliable estimates at provincial, residential and national levels.
Selection of Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs)
Please see section 2.5.3 of the Survey Report in External Resources
Selection of Households
The LCMSIII survey commenced by listing all the households in the selected SEAs. In the case of rural SEAs, households were stratified and listed according to their agricultural activity status. Therefore, there were four explicit strata created in each rural SEA namely, the Small Scale Stratum (SSS), the Medium Scale Stratum (MSS), the Large Scale Stratum (LSS) and the Non-agricultural Stratum (NAS). For the purposes of the LCMSIII survey, about 7, 5 and 3 households were supposed to be selected from the SSS, MSS and NAS, respectively. The large scale households were selected on a 100 percent basis. The urban SEAs were implicitly stratified into low cost, medium cost and high cost areas according to CSO's and local authority classification of residential areas.
About 15 and 25 households were sampled from rural and urban SEAs, respectively. However, the number of rural households selected in some cases exceeded the desired sample size of 15 households depending on the availability of large scale farming households.
The selection of households from various strata was preceded by assigning fully responding households sampling serial numbers. The circular systematic sampling method was used to select households. The method assumes that households are arranged in a circle (G. Kalton, 1983) and the following relationship applies:
Let N = nk,
Where:
N = Total number of households assigned sampling serial numbers in a stratum
n = Total desired sample size to be drawn from a stratum in an SEA
k = The sampling interval in a given SEA calculated as k=N/n.
Sample Stratification and Allocation
The sampling frame used for LCMSIII survey was developed from the 2000 census of population and housing. The frame is administratively demarcated into 9 provinces, which are further divided into 72 districts. The districts are further subdivided into 155 constituencies, which are also divided into wards. Wards consist of Census Supervisory Areas (CSA), which in turn embrace Standard Enumeration areas (SEAs). For the purposes of this survey, SEAs constituted the ultimate Primary Sampling Units (PSUs).
In order to have equal precision in the estimates in all the provinces and at the same time take into account variation in the sizes of the provinces, the survey adopted the Square Root sample allocation method, (Lesli Kish, 1987). This approach offers a better compromise between equal and proportional allocation methods in terms of reliability of both combined and separate estimates. The allocation of the sample points (PSUs) to rural and urban strata was almost proportional. The allocated provincial samples were multiples of 10 so as to facilitate the rolling of equal samples during the 10 cycles of data collection.
Sample Selection
The LCMSIII survey employed a two-stage stratified cluster sample design whereby during the first stage, 520 SEAs were selected with Probability Proportional to Estimated Size (PPES). The size measure was taken from the frame developed from the 2000 census of population and housing. During the second stage, households were systematically selected from an enumeration area listing. The survey was designed to provide reliable estimates at provincial, residential and national levels.
Selection of Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs)
Please see section 2.5.3 of the Survey Report in External Resources
Selection of Households
The LCMSIII survey commenced by listing all the households in the selected SEAs. In the case of rural SEAs, households were stratified and listed according to their agricultural activity status. Therefore, there were four explicit strata created in each rural SEA namely, the Small Scale Stratum (SSS), the Medium Scale Stratum (MSS), the Large Scale Stratum (LSS) and the Non-agricultural Stratum (NAS). For the purposes of the LCMSIII survey, about 7, 5 and 3 households were supposed to be selected from the SSS, MSS and NAS, respectively. The large scale households were selected on a 100 percent basis. The urban SEAs were implicitly stratified into low cost, medium cost and high cost areas according to CSO's and local authority classification of residential areas.
About 15 and 25 households were sampled from rural and urban SEAs, respectively. However, the number of rural households selected in some cases exceeded the desired sample size of 15 households depending on the availability of large scale farming households.
The selection of households from various strata was preceded by assigning fully responding households sampling serial numbers. The circular systematic sampling method was used to select households. The method assumes that households are arranged in a circle (G. Kalton, 1983) and the following relationship applies:
Let N = nk,
Where:
N = Total number of households assigned sampling serial numbers in a stratum
n = Total desired sample size to be drawn from a stratum in an SEA
k = The sampling interval in a given SEA calculated as k=N/n.
Weighting
Due to the disproportionate allocation of the sample points to various strata, sampling weights are required to correct for differential representation of the sample at national and sub-national levels.
Please refer to section 2.7.1 of the Survey Report under External Resources for the formulae used for calculation of sample weights and estimation process.
Please refer to section 2.7.1 of the Survey Report under External Resources for the formulae used for calculation of sample weights and estimation process.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2002 | 2003 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Data Collection Notes
Data collection was done by way of personal interviews using two structured questionnaires. These questionnaires are Main Household Questionnaire and the Price Questionnaire. The Main Household questionnaire was divided into two parts, namely:-
1. Main Questionnaire Part I - used for collecting information on the various aspects of the living conditions of the households.
2. Main Questionnaire Part II - all the information collected using the household expenditure diary was later on transcribed to this questionnaire in aggregates so as to make computer data capturing easy. This part of the questionnaire was also used to collect information on household Income, Non-Farm enterprises and deaths in the households.
Administration of the Household Expenditure Diaries: The reference period for all the household consumption data was 31 days. The choice of 31 days as reference period is in order since the longest month in a normal calendar year has 31 days. The diary method was employed to collect household consumption expenditure data. Each dairy was designed to accommodate diary entries for a period of 5 days after which another diary was dropped with the household during the next visit. However, households were requested to make diary entries pertaining to 6 days during the sixth visit so that we have 31 days of total diary entries for all the households.
In order to effectively spread the Interviewers workload of checking and filling in diaries and also enhance the quality of diary entries, households were grouped in 5 batches of 3 and 5 in rural and urban areas, respectively. Each household with a literate person was visited 7 times by the Interviewer. However, households that could not fill in the diaries by themselves were assisted by the Interviewer on a daily basis; hence the need to batch up households in manageable groups.
1. Main Questionnaire Part I - used for collecting information on the various aspects of the living conditions of the households.
2. Main Questionnaire Part II - all the information collected using the household expenditure diary was later on transcribed to this questionnaire in aggregates so as to make computer data capturing easy. This part of the questionnaire was also used to collect information on household Income, Non-Farm enterprises and deaths in the households.
Administration of the Household Expenditure Diaries: The reference period for all the household consumption data was 31 days. The choice of 31 days as reference period is in order since the longest month in a normal calendar year has 31 days. The diary method was employed to collect household consumption expenditure data. Each dairy was designed to accommodate diary entries for a period of 5 days after which another diary was dropped with the household during the next visit. However, households were requested to make diary entries pertaining to 6 days during the sixth visit so that we have 31 days of total diary entries for all the households.
In order to effectively spread the Interviewers workload of checking and filling in diaries and also enhance the quality of diary entries, households were grouped in 5 batches of 3 and 5 in rural and urban areas, respectively. Each household with a literate person was visited 7 times by the Interviewer. However, households that could not fill in the diaries by themselves were assisted by the Interviewer on a daily basis; hence the need to batch up households in manageable groups.
Data Collectors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| The Living Conditions Monitoring Branch | Central Statistical Office, Zambia |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
Two types of questionnaires will be used in the survey. These are:-
1. The Listing Booklet - to be used for listing all the households residing in the selected Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs)
2. The Main questionnaire - to be used for collecting detailed information on all household members.
The Main Household questionnaire was divided into two parts, namely:-
1. Main Questionnaire Part I - used for collecting information on the various aspects of the living conditions of the households.
2. Main Questionnaire Part II - all the information collected using the household expenditure diary was later on transcribed to this questionnaire in aggregates so as to make computer data capturing easy. This part of the questionnaire was also used to collect information on household Income, Non-Farm enterprises and deaths in the households.
1. The Listing Booklet - to be used for listing all the households residing in the selected Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs)
2. The Main questionnaire - to be used for collecting detailed information on all household members.
The Main Household questionnaire was divided into two parts, namely:-
1. Main Questionnaire Part I - used for collecting information on the various aspects of the living conditions of the households.
2. Main Questionnaire Part II - all the information collected using the household expenditure diary was later on transcribed to this questionnaire in aggregates so as to make computer data capturing easy. This part of the questionnaire was also used to collect information on household Income, Non-Farm enterprises and deaths in the households.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Data Processing and Analysis: The data from the LCMSIII survey was processed and analyzed using the CSPRO and the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software respectively. Data entry was done from all the provincial offices with 100 percent verification, whilst data cleaning and analysis was undertaken at CSO's headquarters.
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director-CSO (Ministry of Finance and National Planning) | Central Statistical Office, Zambia | info@zamstats.gov.zm | www.zamstats.gov.zim |
Confidentiality
Confidentiality of respondents is guaranteed under the provisions of the Census and Statistics Act, CAP 127 of the laws of Zambia.
Access conditions
The Director of the Central Statistical Office has to authorise access to information. Before being granted access to the dataset or any other information produced by CSO, all users have to formally agree to the following:
1. To make no copies of any files or portions of files to which s/he is granted access except those authorized by the Central statistical Office.
2. Not to use any technique in an attempt to learn the identity of any person, establishment or sampling unit not identified on public use data files
3. To hold in the strictest confidence the identification of any establishment or individual that may be inadvertently revealed in any documents or discussion or analysis. Such inadvertent identification revealed in the user's analysis will be immediately brought to the attention of the Central Statistical office.
4. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only.
5. The data and other materials will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals,institutions, or organisation without the written agreement of the CSO.
1. To make no copies of any files or portions of files to which s/he is granted access except those authorized by the Central statistical Office.
2. Not to use any technique in an attempt to learn the identity of any person, establishment or sampling unit not identified on public use data files
3. To hold in the strictest confidence the identification of any establishment or individual that may be inadvertently revealed in any documents or discussion or analysis. Such inadvertent identification revealed in the user's analysis will be immediately brought to the attention of the Central Statistical office.
4. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only.
5. The data and other materials will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals,institutions, or organisation without the written agreement of the CSO.
Citation requirements
Central Statistical Office, Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 2002/3 (LCMS 2002/3) Version 1.0 of the public use dataset (2003), provided by Central Statistical Office
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director-CSO (Ministry of Finance and National Planning) | Central Statistical Office,Zambia | info@zamstats.gov.zm | www.zamstats.gov.zm |
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
All CSO products are protected by copyright. Users may apply the information as they wish, provided that they acknowledge CSO as the source of the basic data whenever they process, apply, utilize, publish or distribute the data, and also that they specify that the relevant application and analysis (where applicable) result from their own processing of the data .CSO and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Copyright
(c) 2003, Central Statistical Office
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_ZMB_2002_LCMS-III_v01_M
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development Economics Data Group | DECDG | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
Date of Metadata Production
2012-08-10
DDI Document version
Version 01 (August 2012)