| Value | Category |
|---|---|
| -9 | Don't know |
| -7 | Legal skip |
| -6 | Unfinished questionnaire |
| -3 | Interviewer error |
| 1 | No grade completed |
| 2 | soviet system:primary (grades 1-3) |
| 3 | soviet system:basic general education (grades 4-8) |
| 4 | soviet system:secondary (grades 9-10) |
| 5 | soviet system:preliminary vocational education (vocational technical schools) |
| 6 | soviet system:middle vocational education (public specialized secondary schools) |
| 7 | soviet system:higher education establishments |
| 8 | present system:primary (grades 1-4) |
| 9 | present system:basic general education (grades 5-9) |
| 10 | present system:secondary general education (grades 10-12) |
| 11 | present system:preliminary vocational education (professional secondary education (after basic) |
| 12 | present system:middle vocational education (secondary specialized education (after basic) |
| 13 | present system:bachelor degree |
| 14 | present system:masters degree |
| 15 | Secondary specialized education (after Secondary) |
| 16 | Candidate of Sience |
| 17 | Doctor of Science |
| Sysmiss |