Micro-Enterprise Survey 2011
Ethiopia, 2011 - 2012
Get MicrodataIdentification
ETH_2011_MS_v01_M
Micro-Enterprise Survey 2011
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Ethiopia | ETH |
Enterprise Survey [en/oth]
An Enterprise Survey is a firm-level survey of a representative sample of an economy's private sector. Firm-level surveys have been conducted since 1998 by different units within the World Bank. Since 2005-06, most data collection efforts have been centralized within the Enterprise Analysis Unit. The Enterprise Surveys are conducted every three to four years across all geographic regions and cover small, medium, and large companies. Data are used to create indicators that benchmark the quality of the business and investment climate across countries.
In some countries, unregistered businesses and firms with a small number of employees make up a large part of the economy. Micro-Enterprise Surveys target registered establishments with one to four employees, while traditional Enterprise Surveys focus on businesses with five or more workers. Sampling techniques and questionnaires are the same for Micro-Enterprise and Enterprise Surveys.
This research of registered businesses with one to four employees was conducted in Ethiopia between July 2011 and May 2012, at the same time with Ethiopia Enterprise Survey 2011. Data from 150 establishments was analyzed. Stratified random sampling was used to select the surveyed businesses. The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector and constraints to its growth.
Micro-Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, AIDS, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90 percent of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country's business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.
Sample survey data [ssd]
The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.
Version
v01
2011
Scope
The scope of the study includes:
- characteristics of establishments;
- infrastructure and services;
- sales and supplies;
- degree of competition;
- capacity;
- land and permits;
- innovation;
- crime;
- finance;
- business-government relations;
- labor;
- AIDS and sickness;
- business environment;
- performance.
Coverage
Addis Ababa
Regions covered are selected based on the number of establishments, contribution to employment, and value added. In most cases these regions are metropolitan areas and reflect the largest centers of economic activity in a country.
The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural private economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors. Companies with 100% government ownership are not eligible to participate in the Enterprise Surveys.
Producers and sponsors
| Name |
|---|
| World Bank |
| Name |
|---|
| World Bank |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| TNS Opinion | Implementation of the Africa 2011 Enterprise Surveys rollout |
Sampling
The sample for Ethiopia was selected using stratified random sampling. Two levels of stratification were used: firm sector and geographic region.
Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: the universe was stratified into one manufacturing industry and one service as defined in the sampling manual. The sample design for the Ethiopia Micro-Survey targeted 240 establishments, 120 in manufacturing and 120 in services. Given to difficulties during the fieldwork implementation, the sample design for the micro-survey was revised in March 2012. The revised sample had a target of 120 establishments, 60 in manufacturing and 60 in services.
The micro sample consists of firms with 1 to 4 employees. For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.
The revised sample design for the Ethiopia Micro-Survey included establishments only in Addis Ababa.
For the Ethiopia ES, three sample frames were used. The first sample frame was produced by Ethiopia Ministry of Trade and Industry. A copy of that frame was sent to the TNS statistical team in London to select the establishments for interview. However, the quality of the sample frames was not optimal and additional sample frames were acquired during the implementation of the survey in order to reach the target number of interviews. The second sample frame used was the Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) database and the third sample frame was the Ethiopia Yellow Pages 2011.
Regarding the stratification variables, the number of reported permanent full-time workers was not available in the Ministry of Trade and Industry sample frame or in the Ethiopia Yellow Pages. For the sample frame of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the number of employees was estimated from the turnover. For the Yellow Pages, the number of employees was not known and could not be estimated during the sample design phase. The Ethiopia Ministry of Trade and Industry, D&B, and Yellow Pages sample frames were used also for the Ethiopia Micro-Survey. The same criteria for the estimation of the number of workers were applied.
The enumerated establishments with less than five employees (micro establishments) were used as sample frame for the Ethiopia Micro-Survey with the aim of obtaining interviews with 240 establishments.
The quality of the frame was assessed at the onset of the project through visits to a random subset of firms and local contractor knowledge. The sample frame was not immune from the typical problems found in establishment surveys: positive rates of noneligibility, repetition, non-existent units, etc. In addition, the sample frame contains no telephone or fax numbers so the local contractor had to screen the contacts by visiting them. Due to response rate and ineligibility issues, additional sample had to be extracted by the World Bank in order to obtain enough eligible contacts and meet the sample targets.
Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 27% (267 out of 997 establishments) and 5% (1 out of 21 establishments) for the Ministry of Trade and D&B sample frames, respectively. The non-eligibility rate for the Yellow Pages sample frame was 0%.
Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether whereas the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.
Item non-response was addressed by two strategies:
a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect "Refusal to respond" (-8) as a different option from "Don't know" (-9).
b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary.
Survey non-response was addressed by maximizing efforts to contact establishments that were initially selected for interview. Attempts were made to contact the establishment for interview at different times, days of the week before a replacement establishment (with similar strata characteristics) was suggested for interview. Survey non-response did occur but substitutions were made in order to potentially achieve strata-specific goals.
The number of contacted micro establishments per realized interview was 0.10, 0.43, and 1.00 using the sample frames from the Ministry of Industry and Trade, D&B, and Yellow Pages respectively. This number is the result of two factors: explicit refusals to participate in the survey, as reflected by the rate of rejection (which includes rejections of the screener and the main survey) and the quality of the sample frame, as represented by the presence of ineligible units. The number of rejections per contact was 0.14, 0.05, and 0.00 using the sample frames from the Ministry of Industry and Trade, D&B, and Yellow Pages respectively.
Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Ethiopia ES 2011 Implementation" in Technical Documents.
For some units it was impossible to determine eligibility because the contact was not successfully completed. Consequently, different assumptions as to their eligibility result in different universe cells' adjustments and in different sampling weights. Three sets of assumptions were considered:
a- Strict assumption: eligible establishments are only those for which it was possible to directly determine eligibility.
b- Median assumption: eligible establishments are those for which it was possible to directly determine eligibility and those that rejected the screener questionnaire or an answering machine or fax was the only response. Median weights are used for computing indicators on the www.enterprisesurveys.org website.
c- Weak assumption: in addition to the establishments included in points a and b, all establishments for which it was not possible to finalize a contact are assumed eligible. This includes establishments with dead or out of service phone lines, establishments that never answered the phone, and establishments with incorrect addresses for which it was impossible to find a new address. Note that under the weak assumption only observed non-eligible units are excluded from universe projections.
Survey instrument
The following survey instruments are available:
- Manufacturing Module Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Services Module Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 52, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 & 72]
- Screener Questionnaire.
The survey is fielded via manufacturing or services questionnaires in order not to ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2011-07 | 2012-05 |
| Name |
|---|
| TNS RMS Ethiopia Operations |
| WAAS International |
Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Ethiopia ES 2011 Implementation" in Technical Documents.
Private contractors conduct Micro-Enterprise Surveys on behalf of the World Bank. Due to sensitive survey questions addressing business-government relations and corruption-related topics, private contractors are preferred over any government agency or an organization/institution associated with government, and are hired by the World Bank to collect the data.
The surveys are usually implemented following a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, a screener questionnaire is applied over the phone to determine eligibility and to make appointments; in the second stage, a face-to-face interview takes place with the manager, owner or director of each establishment. However, the phone numbers were unavailable in the sample frame, and thus the enumerators applied the screeners in person.
Micro-Enterprise Surveys are conducted in local languages.
TNS Opinion was hired to implement the Africa 2011 enterprise surveys rollout, including the Ethiopia 2011 ES and Micro-Survey. The local subcontractor in Ethiopia was originally TNS RMS Ethiopia Operations. Since March 2012, both the Ethiopia 2011 ES and Micro-Survey were implemented by WAAS International.
Data processing
Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.
Data Access
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | Confidentiality of the survey respondents and the sensitive information they provide is necessary to ensure the greatest degree of survey participation, integrity and confidence in the quality of the data. Surveys are usually carried out in cooperation with business organizations and government agencies promoting job creation and economic growth, but confidentiality is never compromised. |
Aggregate indicators based on Enterprise Survey data are available to the public at https://www.enterprisesurveys.org
Firm-level data is also available to the public free-of-charge. In order to access the firm-level data, users must agree to abide by a strict confidentiality agreement available through Enterprise Analysis Unit website by clicking on "External users register here" at http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/Portal
The use of this dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the identification of the Primary Investigator (including country name)
- the full title of the survey and its acronym (when available), and the year(s) of implementation
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download (for datasets disseminated online)
Example:
The World Bank. Ethiopia Micro-Enterprise Survey (MS) 2011, Ref. ETH_2011_MS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from [URL] on [date].
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
Metadata production
DDI_ETH_2011_MS_v01_M_WB
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Development Data Group | World Bank | DDI Documentation |
2012-12-07