Iran has experienced main stages of demographic transition. The fertility and mortality rates dropped markedly and the country has a relatively low population growth rate now. Along with these changes and due to socioeconomic development, the status of women has improved considerably. Using data from the country censuses (mainly from 1966 onwards) and other sources, this paper aims to examine the relationship between changes in women's status and the fertility decline. Findings show that in spite of marked improvements in some aspects of women's life, the above-mentioned relationship is not as strong as it might be expected. The literacy rate for the women, for example, improved sharply during the last decades but their participation in labor force has not shown any improvement. At the same time, the country has achieved a fertility rate near to the replacement level. Cultural factors might have played the main roles in this regard.