The aim of the present study was to explore the nature, extent and probable causes of nutritional deficiencies among children with disabilities living in Dharavi, a slum in Mumbai, India. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate whether the nutritional status of children with disabilities, aged 2–6 years (n 141), was worse than that of non-disabled sibling controls (n 122) and neighbor controls (n 162). Data on food patterns, anthropometry, micronutrient status and feeding difficulties reported by parents were collected. The mean weight for age of the children with disabilities (22·44 (SD 1·39) Z scores; n 120) was significantly lower (P,0·05) compared with the sibling (21·70 (SD 1·20) Z scores; n 109) and neighbor (21·83 (SD 1·290) Z scores; n 162) control groups. The children with disabilities had significantly lower (P,0·05) mean hemoglobin levels (92 (SD 23) g/l; n 134) compared with siblings (102 (SD 18) g/l; n 103) and neighbors (99 (SD 18) g/l; n 153). Relative risk (RR) analysis indicated that the disabled children with feeding difficulties were significantly more likely (P,0·05) to be malnourished, by the indicator of weight for age (RR 1·1; 95 % CI 1·08, 1·20) compared with the disabled children without a feeding difficulty. They were also significantly more likely to be malnourished using the indicators of height for age (RR 1·3; 95 % CI 1·19, 1·43) and weight for height (RR 2·4; 95 % CI 1·78, 3·23) compared with the disabled children without a feeding difficulty. Feeding difficulties were identified as a risk factor for vulnerability to inadequate nutritional status among children with disabilities.