This study evaluates the state of family planning and maternal and child health in Mongolia. It also identifies the role of the government in reducing infant and maternal mortality and in promoting birth spacing. The study further attempts to estimate population density for the period 1989-2019 by using the 1989 census data, the levels and trends in basic components of population growth and by examining some of the implications of population growth. During the post-war period, Mongolia had implemented a strong pronatalist policy with the main aim of providing a stable supply of labor. During the 1950s and 1960s, when the country became politically and economically stable, the government began to implement an economic strategy aimed toward developing an industrial and urban society. In line with the demographic transition in Mongolia, the causes are very complex. The explanation probably lies in various socioeconomic changes. As a result, an increasing number of people have become aware of alternatives to their traditional lifestyles and aspire to something different.