Background: Only about one in seven visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA)-positive women has high-grade disease;
further confirmatory testing could rule out false positives.
Objectives: To determine if visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine (VILI) or visual inspection with acetic acid and magnification
(VIAM) can accurately confirm the presence of disease among rural Kenyan women referred to a district hospital because of
a VIA-positive result at a primary health facility.
Methods: Referred women received cervical cytology and either VILI and/or VIAM as triage methods. All women were
assessed by colposcopy and biopsied, if necessary.
Results: Of the 490 VIA-positive subjects referred, 332 (68%) attended the district hospital and received at least one of two
triage tests and cervical cytology. The sensitivity and specificity for histologically-confirmed CIN 2 and 3 were 93% (14/15)
and 32% (52/161) for VIAM; 100% (3/3) and 77% (49/64) for VILI; and 80% (16/20) and 48% (110/228) for cervical
cytology. VILI reduced the number of false-positive screening results by 73%, without missing any true positives.
Conclusions: VILI had comparable sensitivity and significantly higher specificity compared to VIAM and cervical cytology.
VILI may be a promising triage test for screen-positive women in low-resource settings; additional research is required.