The paper attempts to analyse current energy transitions in the Lao PDR using the multi-level perspective (MLP) and to explore whether these transitions are moving the Lao energy system towards more sustainable pathways. Two energy transitions can be distinguished in the Lao PDR, with little interaction going on between them. On the one hand, there is a fast export oriented energy transition, which involves the construction of large scale electricity infrastructure, mainly hydropower dams. On the other hand, there is a slow energy transition from traditional biomass energy towards the use of modern energy forms, such as charcoal, gas and electricity. Currently, the energy transitions are leading to increased quantities of fossil and non-renewable energy forms and the rapidly expanding hydropower sector is threatening local environments and livelihoods. The application of the MLP in this context is problematic, because of the difficulties to determine the boundaries of the energy system, the limited prospects for niche management, and the inadequacy of the idea of transition management. In this light, the application of the MLP and its policy recommendations in a highly politicised developing context, requires more focus on power and politics, and a closer monitoring of ‘everyday’ transitions.