Until the late 1980s, Sub-Saharan Africa was the only major region in the world where fertility was not declining. This viewpoint is gradually changing. There are now some hopeful signs suggesting that changes are occurring, particularly in Kenya, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Western Nigeria and recently Ghana. This article examines this new evidence on Africa's fertility change, and the various strands of argument which have emerged on this issue. It is suggested that we pay special attention to the uniqueness of the African cultural setting in our quest for seeking explanations for the recent fertility change.