Objective

This study aims to examine the reciprocal relationship between smoking and depression in Indonesia using simultaneous equation modeling.

Methods

Simultaneous equation modeling is conducted using the 2007 Indonesian Family Life Survey.

Results

Findings from the simultaneous equation modeling suggest that depression and smoking commonly co-occur together among Indonesian men and women.

Conclusion

To mitigate the negative consequences of cigarette consumption and depression, there remains a pressing need for an integrated treatment of both smoking and depression that simultaneously treat these two disorders. The fact that the effect of depression on smoking is greater among Indonesian women also suggests that the use of gender-specific intervention is warranted.