Background: Rabies remains endemic in Sri Lanka despite a strong government patronized anti-rabies campaign. Personal, cultural or
religious beliefs have been thought to influence health practices that could render rabies prevalent in the country.
Methodology: The knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of 580 household heads/members from Nuwara Eliya District, Sri Lanka, regarding
rabies were explored through a structured questionnaire. An improvement/deterioration in their knowledge and practices after the use of
information and education campaign (IEC) materials was assessed through a repeat exploration at an interval of four weeks.
Results: Respondents showed inclination toward animal birth control (60%) rather than elimination methods (24%). There was disparity
between pet owners? enthusiasm to take pets for rabies inoculation (57%) and their ability to show dog vaccination cards (40%). Almost
twice more pet owners than non-pet owners believed that it is their responsibility to control the population of roaming pet dogs (aOR=1.78;
95% CI: 1.14 to 2.76). The rabies leaflets were very effective in informing the people on how to deal with rabid animals, the earliest schedule
for anti-rabies vaccine (ARV), and repeat vaccination.
Conclusions: Awareness and proper attitude toward rabies management and canine population control are adequate among the rural Sinhalese
and Buddhist populations of Sri Lanka; however, their current health practices should be improved. The rabies KAP could be further
enhanced through the use of IEC materials.