The rapid increase in primary enrollment seen in many developing countries might worsen
schooling quality. I estimate the effect of enrollment growth following the removal of primary
school fees in Tanzania and find that it led to large increases in the pupil-teacher ratio and a
reduction in observable teacher quality, but rule out a substantial effect on test scores overall.
These results are robust to instrumenting enrollment growth using predetermined fertility and
migration decisions, and not driven by compositional changes. In urban areas, however,
where baseline achievement was higher, test scores deteriorated where enrollment growth
was larger.