This study explores the patterns and consequences of ethnic and regional inequalities
in Pakistan. Using inter-district variation in inequality, ethnic fractionalization, and access to
public goods, we extend the literature on public service provisioning by using finer estimates of
between-group inequality along multiple dimensions. We also provide the first estimates of
horizontal and vertical inequality at the district level in Pakistan. We find that higher group
inequality in land, income, and electoral votes is negatively associated with access to public
goods. But higher vertical inequality along the same dimensions is positively associated with
public goods provisioning.